The detection and classification of bruises of pears based on thermal images have been investigated. A simple thermal imaging system in the long-wavelength ranges (8–14 μm) assembledμwith hot air equipment was constructed to capture cleaner images. Higher velocity and temperature of the air reduced the time required to obtain a clean image, but the images were not sufficient able to discriminate the slight and invisible variation of bruises over consecutive days. The grey-level co-occurrence matrix of the thermal images were analysed, and the slight differences in the pears over consecutive days were presented in the form of a line chart. A traditional deep learning algorithm commonly used in classification of big data sets was modified to one suitable for classification of a small sample data set of thermasl images (3246 samples were used as the training data set and 1125 were used as a test data set) collected from 300 pears over 10 days. The best test prediction accuracy obtained was 99.25%.
Keywords: Detection and classification | Thermal images | Grey-level co-occurrence matrix | Deep learning

Crash Detection is essential in providing timely information to traffic management centers and the public to reduce its adverse effects. Prediction of crash risk is vital for avoiding secondary crashes and safeguarding highway traffic. For many years, researchers have explored several techniques for early and precise detection of crashes to aid in traffic incident management. With recent advancements in data collection techniques, abundant real-time traffic data is available for use. Big data infrastructure and machine learning algorithms can utilize this data to provide suitable solutions for the highway traffic safety system. This paper explores the feasibility of using deep learning models to detect crash occurrence and predict crash risk. Volume, Speed and Sensor Occupancy data collected from roadside radar sensors along Interstate 235 in Des Moines, IA is used for this study. This real-world traffic data is used to design feature set for the deep learning models for crash detection and crash risk prediction. The results show that a deep model has better crash detection performance and similar crash prediction performance than state of the art shallow models. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted for crash risk prediction using data 1-minute, 5-minutes and 10-minutes prior to crash occurrence. It was observed that is hard to predict the crash risk of a traffic condition, 10 min prior to a crash.
Keywords: Crash detection | Crash prediction | Deep learning

Today, climate change due to global warming is a significant concern to all of us. Indias rate of greenhouse gas emissions is increasing day by day, placing India in the top ten emitters in the world. Air pollution is one of the significant contributors to the greenhouse effect. Transportation contributes about 10% of the air pollution in India. The Indian government is taking steps to reduce air pollution by encouraging the use of electric vehicles. But, success depends on consumers sentiment, perception and understanding towards Electric Vehicles (EV). This case study tried to capture the feeling, attitude, and emotions of Indian consumers towards electric vehicles. The main objective of this study was to extract opinions valuable to prospective buyers (to know what is best for them), marketers (for determining what features should be advertised) and manufacturers (for deciding what features should be improved) using Deep Learning techniques (e.g Doc2Vec Algorithm, Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)). Due to the very nature of social media data, big data platform was chosen to analyze the sentiment towards EV. Deep Learning based techniques were preferred over traditional machine learning algorithms (Support Vector Machine, Logistic regression and Decision tree, etc.) due to its superior text mining capabilities. Two years data (2016 to 2018) were collected from different social media platform for this case study. The results showed the efficiency of deep learning algorithms and found CNN yield better results in-compare to others. The proposed optimal model will help consumers, designers and manufacturers in their decision-making capabilities to choose, design and manufacture EV.
Keywords: Electric vehicles | Deep learning | Big data | Sentiment analysis | India

Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups such as O26, O45, O103, O111, O121 and O145 often cause illness to people in the United States and the conventional identification of these “Big-Six” are complex. The label-free hyperspectral microscope imaging (HMI) method, which provides spectral “fingerprints” information of bacterial cells, was employed to classify serogroups at the cellular level. In spectral analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) method and stacked auto-encoder (SAE) method were conducted to extract principal spectral features for classification task. Based on these features, multiple classifiers including linear discriminant analysis (LDA), support vector machine (SVM) and soft-max regression (SR) methods were evaluated. Different sizes of datasets were also tested in search for the suitable classification models. Among the results, SAE-based classification models performed better than PCA-based models, achieving classification accuracy of SAE-LDA (93.5%), SAE-SVM (94.9%) and SAE-SR (94.6%), respectively. In contrast, classification results of PCA-based methods such as PCA-LDA, PCA-SVM and PCA-SR were only 75.5%, 85.7% and 77.1%, respectively. The results also suggested the increasing number of training samples have positive effects on classification models. Taking advantage of increasing dataset, the SAE-SR classification model finally performed better than others with average accuracy of 94.9% in classifying STEC serogroups. Specifically, O103 serogroup was classified with the highest accuracy of 97.4%, followed by O111 (96.5%), O26 (95.3%), O121 (95%), O145 (92.9%) and O45 (92.4%), respectively. Thus, the HMI technology coupled with SAE-SR classification model has the potential for “Big-Six” identification.
Keywords: Foodborne bacteria | Classification | Food safety | Machine learning | Stacked auto-encoder | Optical method

Rolling bearing is a key component in rotation machine, whose remaining useful life (RUL) prediction is an essential issue of constructing condition-based maintenance (CBM) system. However, recent data-driven approaches for bearing RUL prediction still require prior knowledge to extract features, construct health indicate (HI) and set up threshold, which is inefficient in the big data era. In this paper, a pure data-driven method for bearing RUL prediction with little prior knowledge is proposed. This method includes three steps, i.e., features extraction, HI prediction and RUL calculation. In the first step, five band-pass energy values of frequency spectrum are extracted as features. Then, a recurrent neural network based on encoder–decoder framework with attention mechanism is proposed to predict HI values, which are designed closely related with the RUL values in this paper. Finally, the final RUL value can be obtained via linear regression. Experiments carried out on the dataset from PRONOSTIA and comparison with other novel approaches demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a better performance.
Keywords: Remaining useful life prediction | Recurrent neural network | Attention mechanism