با سلام خدمت کاربران در صورتی که با خطای سیستم پرداخت بانکی مواجه شدید از طریق کارت به کارت (6037997535328901 بانک ملی ناصر خنجری ) مقاله خود را دریافت کنید (تا مشکل رفع گردد).
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1 |
Are Adjudication Panels Strategically Selected? The Case of Constitutional Court in Poland
آیا هیئت های داوری از نظر راهبردی انتخاب شده اند؟ پرونده دادگاه قانون اساسی در لهستان-2020 While judicial independence is often considered to be a foundation for the rule of law and economic prosperity, there is overwhelming evidence suggesting that judges and court decision-making are sensitive
to the political environment. In this paper, we explore one channel through which political alignment of
the judges can manifest itself and verify whether political party support, expressed as a recommendation
to the tribunal, is relevant for the allocation of judges to adjudication panels. Our specific example comes
from the Polish Constitutional Tribunal and refers to the period 2005-2014. With respect to the mass
of filed cases, we do not find that allocation of judges to adjudication panels favored nominees of any
political party. Our results however provide support for the strategic selection to adjudication panels in
politically sensitive cases in the period 2011-2014. We find that nominees of the governing party were
allocated to these panels more often than other members of the tribunal and that in these cases they had
more voting power than in cases of lower political clout.
Keywords: Constitutional economics | Constitutional court | Adjudication panels | Political alignment | Institutional economics |
مقاله انگلیسی |
2 |
How has the Covid19 pandemic impacted the courts of law? Evidence from Brazil
همه گیری کووید 19 چگونه بر دادگاه های حقوقی تأثیر گذاشته است؟ شواهدی از برزیل-2020 We provide empirical insight into the consequences of the Covid19 pandemic for the administration of
justice. Drawing on a comprehensive monthly panel of Brazilian labor courts and using a differencein-difference approach, we show that the pandemic has had a large and persistent deleterious effect on
adjudicatory efficacy, leading to a massive decrease in the clearance rate and an increase in court backlogs.
The pandemic has affected how courts dispose adjudication cases, expectedly causing a plummeting in
the share of disputes resolved via trial hearings and, less predictably, exerting a temporally non-linear
effect on the share of in-court settlements. Notably, we find no evidence of an effect of the pandemic on
efficacy in enforcement. Although the pandemic led to an increase in the share of new filings requiring
enforcement, any effect on the relative use of enforcement to execute court-ordered payments has been
intermittent and temporary. The intensity of the pandemic has been an important moderating factor.
Keywords: Covid19 | Courts | Brazil | Labor justice | Adjudication | Enforcement |
مقاله انگلیسی |
3 |
Loyalty to the party or loyalty to the party leader: Evidence from the Spanish Constitutional Court
وفاداری به حزب یا وفاداری به رهبر حزب: شواهدی از دادگاه قانون اساسی اسپانیا-2020 In a recent article, Epstein and Posner (2016) make an important distinction between ideological
alignment and personal loyalty to the appointer. We use constitutional adjudication at the Spanish Constitutional Court to test for this distinction. We consider all constitutional review decisions in cases initiated
by explicit political actors (recursos de constitucionalidad) from 1980 to 2018 (removal of Mariano Rajoy
as prime minister); a total of 8675 individual votes by constitutional judges in reference to 773 decisions
taken by the Spanish Constitutional Court. The results obtained are consistent with a personal loyalty
effect. Decomposition by nonunanimous decisions and appointing bodies do not undermine the statistical significance of an effect coherent with personal loyalty. However, the results indicate that the effect
seems to be stronger more recently and for Zapatero’s appointees, in a period dominated by the financial
crisis and the Catalan political situation.
Keywords: Attitudinal model | Personal loyalty | Constitutional review | Courts | Spain |
مقاله انگلیسی |
4 |
Identifying factors associated with criminal responsibility by analyzing court trial verdicts
شناسایی عوامل مرتبط با مسئولیت کیفری با تحلیل آرای دادگاه-2020 The criminal responsibility of offenders with mental disorders is a key issue in forensic psychiatry. Japan’s implementation of the Medical Treatment and Supervision Act and Lay Judge Act in the early 2000s raised publicawareness of this issue. To determine how criminal court judges in Japan assess the criminal responsibility of offenders, we examined 453 district court verdicts that mention psychiatric evidence. We extracted elements from each verdict that may be associated with courts’ decision-making regarding criminal responsibility andanalyzed the relationship between each element and the adjudication of criminal responsibility. We investigatedthe changes in each element’s prevalence over time. A logistic regression analysis revealed that the following were independently associated with the court decisions that offenders’ criminal responsibility was intact: un- derstandable motivation for committing the offense, homogeneity of the offense from the defendant’s usual behavioral pattern, a coherent process used to commit the offense, alertness while offending, and absence of psychotic symptoms. We observed that recent verdicts are more focused on the offender’s perception of illegalityand the coherence of the offending process while disregarding the defendant’s consciousness and memory whileoffending. Thus, the courts focus on some specific elements for evaluating the criminal responsibility of each offender. Keywords: Forensic mental health | Criminal responsibility | Court verdict | Insanity defense |
مقاله انگلیسی |
5 |
Internet court’s challenges and future in China
چالش ها و آینده دادگاه اینترنتی در چین-2020 China established the world’s first Internet court in Hangzhou in August 2017. Subsequently
in 2018 Internet courts in Beijing and Guangzhou were established respectively. With the official establishment of these three Internet courts, China’s electronic litigation advanced to
a new stage.. Internet courts offer many advantages, and this innovative adjudication model
has earned widespread approval for both its speedy acceptance of cases and speedy hearing
of cases. This article analyzes the questions and challenges faced by Internet courts, proposes solutions such as compliance with three basic legal ethical principles, re-establishing
the sense of presence and ritual of litigation, establishment of risk mitigation mechanisms
between the legal system and technological systems to develop the ability for the construction of Internet courts in China.
Keywords: Internet court | Adjudication model | Civil jurisdiction | Internet technology |
مقاله انگلیسی |
6 |
Gender-based judicial ingroup bias in sex crime sentencing: Evidence from Belgium
تعصب گروه قضایی مبتنی بر جنسیت در مجازات جرایم جنسی: مدارکی از بلژیک-2020 Exploring data on adjudication of sex crimes at a major Belgian court, we study the presence of
gender-based judicial ingroup bias in criminal sentencing. Using a difference-in-difference approach
and addressing sample selection concerns, we find that defendants who are randomly
assigned to a panel featuring a presiding judge of matching gender receive comparatively more
severe sentences. The resulting effect is discernible especially when the crime involves a female
victim. This suggests that the underlying driver of the negative gender-based ingroup bias is
judicial enforcement of a salient ingroup norm, in itself an expression of affinity with ones
gender-based ingroup. Keywords: Judicial bias | Gender | Ingroup bias | Sex crimes | Sentencing |
مقاله انگلیسی |
7 |
School of Block–Review of Blockchain for the Radiologists
مدرسه بلوک - بررسی بلاکچین برای رادیولوژیست-2019 Blockchain, the underlying technology for Bitcoin, is a distributed digital ledger technology that enables record verification by many
independent parties rather than a centralized authority, therefore making it more difficult to tamper with the data. This emerging technology
has the potential to enhance various authentication and verification processes in image sharing and data security. It has the
potential to promote patient-centered healthcare by giving greater control to patients over their own data. Blockchain can also be utilized
for administrative tasks, such as credentialing, claims adjudication, and billing management. It can also be utilized to enhance
software supporting research and clinical trials. Blockchain complements artificial intelligence (AI) and these can work synergistically to
create better solutions. Although many challenges exist for increased adoption of blockchain within radiology and healthcare in general,
it can play a major role in our practice and consequently, it is important for medical imaging professionals to become familiar with the
technology. Key Words: Blockchain | Radiology | Bitcoin | Ethereum | Machine learning |
مقاله انگلیسی |
8 |
Automating Ischemic Stroke Subtype Classification Using Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing
خودکار سازی طبقه بندی زیرگروه ایسکمیک سکته مغزی با استفاده از یادگیری ماشین و پردازش زبان طبیعی-2019 The manual adjudication of disease classification is time-consuming,
error-prone, and limits scaling to large datasets. In ischemic stroke (IS), subtype
classification is critical for management and outcome prediction. This study sought
to use natural language processing of electronic health records (EHR) combined
with machine learning methods to automate IS subtyping. Methods: Among IS
patients from an observational registry with TOAST subtyping adjudicated by
board-certified vascular neurologists, we analyzed unstructured text-based EHR
data including neurology progress notes and neuroradiology reports using natural
language processing. We performed several feature selection methods to reduce the
high dimensionality of the features and 5-fold cross validation to test generalizability
of our methods and minimize overfitting. We used several machine learning
methods and calculated the kappa values for agreement between each machine
learning approach to manual adjudication. We then performed a blinded testing of
the best algorithm against a held-out subset of 50 cases. Results: Compared to manual
classification, the best machine-based classification achieved a kappa of .25
using radiology reports alone, .57 using progress notes alone, and .57 using combined
data. Kappa values varied by subtype being highest for cardioembolic (.64)
and lowest for cryptogenic cases (.47). In the held-out test subset, machine-based
classification agreed with rater classification in 40 of 50 cases (kappa .72). Conclusions:
Automated machine learning approaches using textual data from the EHR
shows agreement with manual TOAST classification. The automated pipeline, if
externally validated, could enable large-scale stroke epidemiology research. Key Words: Ischemic stroke| cryptogenic | cardioembolism |natural language processing | machine learning |
مقاله انگلیسی |
9 |
پیش بینی نتیجه دعویهای مشاجره ساخت با استفاده ازمدل شبک عصبی پرسپترون چندلایهای
سال انتشار: 2015 - تعداد صفحات فایل pdf انگلیسی: 9 - تعداد صفحات فایل doc فارسی: 33 بروز مشاجرات در قراردادهای ساخت هند جدا از افزایش بیش از حد زمان و هزینه به رابطه بین طرفین آسیب میرساند. با این حال، اگر طرفین یک مشاجره بتواند نتیجه مشاجره را با قطعیت کمی پیش بینی کنند، بطور محتمل موضوع مشاجره را فیصله خواهند داد که این سبب جلوگیری از هزینهها و تشدید جرم به سبب داوری میشود. فرآیند حل مشاجره عمدتاً مبتنی بر امور مربوط به پرونده است مانند شرایط قراردادها، شرایط واقعی در کارگاه، اسنادی که در طی اقدامات قضایی ارائه میشوند و غیره که در این تحقیق عوامل درونی نامیده میشوند. این امور و شواهد اصلی پروندهها توسط محققین بررسی شدهاند تا مکانیزم های حل مشاجره بدست آیند. این تحقیق بر تعیین عوامل درونی مشاجرات ساخت مرتبط با دعویهای تغییر از 72 رأی داوری با روش مطالعه موردی تمرکز دارد و علاوه بر این، تحقیق حاضر به دنبال این است که اهمیت آنها را در تصمیم داوری با جستجوی اطلاعات حرفهای از طریق یک برآورد پرسش نامهای اثبات کند. علاوه بر این، این تحقیق امکان پذیری روش شبکه عصبی پرسپترون چندلایهای را براساس عوامل درونی موجود در پرونده مشاجره ساخت برای نتیجه یک مشاجره اثبات میکند. دادههای حاصل از 204 دعوی تغییر ناشی از رأیهای داروی برای ساخت مدل بکار رفتهاند. یک شبکه عصبی پرسپترون سه لایهای در ساخت این مدل مناسب بود که آموزش داده شده، صحت آزمایی شده و مورد آزمایش قرار گرفته است. ابزاری که این طور ساخته میشوند، تا حدی سبب پرهیز از مشاجره میشوند و سبب کاهش فشار روی قوه قضایی هند میشوند.
کلیدواژهها: مشاجرات ساخت | حل مشاجره | عوامل درونی | عوامل خارجی |
مقاله ترجمه شده |
10 |
پیش بینی نتیجه دعویهای مشاجره ساخت با استفاده از مدل شبک عصبی پرسپترون چندلایهای
سال انتشار: 2015 - تعداد صفحات فایل pdf انگلیسی: 9 - تعداد صفحات فایل doc فارسی: 25 بروز مشاجرات در قراردادهای ساخت هند جدا از افزایش بیش از حد زمان و هزینه به رابطه بین طرفین آسیب میرساند. با این حال، اگر طرفین یک مشاجره بتواند نتیجه مشاجره را با قطعیت کمی پیش بینی کنند، بطور محتمل موضوع مشاجره را فیصله خواهند داد که این سبب جلوگیری از هزینهها و تشدید جرم به سبب داوری میشود. فرآیند حل مشاجره عمدتاً مبتنی بر امور مربوط به پرونده است مانند شرایط قراردادها، شرایط واقعی در کارگاه، اسنادی که در طی اقدامات قضایی ارائه میشوند و غیره که در این تحقیق عوامل درونی نامیده میشوند. این امور و شواهد اصلی پروندهها توسط محققین بررسی شدهاند تا مکانیزم های حل مشاجره بدست آیند. این تحقیق بر تعیین عوامل درونی مشاجرات ساخت مرتبط با دعویهای تغییر از 72 رأی داوری با روش مطالعه موردی تمرکز دارد و علاوه بر این، تحقیق حاضر به دنبال این است که اهمیت آنها را در تصمیم داوری با جستجوی اطلاعات حرفهای از طریق یک برآورد پرسش نامهای اثبات کند. علاوه بر این، این تحقیق امکان پذیری روش شبکه عصبی پرسپترون چندلایهای را براساس عوامل درونی موجود در پرونده مشاجره ساخت برای نتیجه یک مشاجره اثبات میکند. دادههای حاصل از 204 دعوی تغییر ناشی از رأیهای داروی برای ساخت مدل بکار رفتهاند. یک شبکه عصبی پرسپترون سه لایهای در ساخت این مدل مناسب بود که آموزش داده شده، صحت آزمایی شده و مورد آزمایش قرار گرفته است. ابزاری که این طور ساخته میشوند، تا حدی سبب پرهیز از مشاجره میشوند و سبب کاهش فشار روی قوه قضایی هند میشوند.
کلیدواژهها: مشاجرات ساخت | حل مشاجره | عوامل درونی | عوامل خارجی |
مقاله ترجمه شده |