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نتیجه جستجو - Adolescent

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 116
ردیف عنوان نوع
1 Knowledge gaps and perceptions of future research directions on management of diabetes during Ramadan fasting: An online survey of physicians
شکاف های دانش و درک دستورالعمل های تحقیقاتی آینده در مدیریت دیابت در طول روزهداری ماه رمضان: مرور آنلاین پزشکان-2021
Objectives: Current knowledge and research on diabetes and Ramadan form the basis for evidence-based clinical practice. In this context, we aimed to explore physicians’ perceptions of current knowledge gaps about research fasting (RF), barriers to, and foreseeable directions for advancement of the field.
Methods: We conducted an online survey of a convenience sample of 260 physicians from 27 countries. The survey questionnaire addressed three main domains: perceived current knowledge gaps and unmet needs in research about RF and diabetes, barriers to the conduct of research, and future directions for furthering the evidence in this field.
Results: Majority of respondents (65.7%) were senior physicians in adult endocrinology/diabetes (45.9%) working at tertiary centers (65.2%). The majority (67.3%) reported seeing an average of 20+ patients with diabetes weekly and felt ‘‘very or fairly confident” in managing diabetes during RF (67.7%). The knowledge gaps identified were the management of highrisk patients with diabetes (54.1%), such as renal impairment (59.8%), and pregnancy (61.5%). The main barriers to research were lack of adequate funding to academic centers (75.7%) and lack of interest of institutions in the subject (64.6%). Future efforts should be directed at the conduct of large epidemiological studies (49.5%) or double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trials (48.6%) to address the former gaps. Research findings should be widely disseminated via hands-on workshops (recommended by 70.3% of respondents) or international conferences (61.2%).
Conclusions: There is a wide agreement regarding the knowledge gaps in the management of diabetes during RF. Future efforts should focus on addressing these critical deficiencies.
keywords: روزه رمضان | ادبیات | دیابت | هیپوگلیسمی | همهگیرشناسی | کتواسیدوز دیابتی | دیدگاه های بیماران | متخصصان مراقبت های بهداشتی | ادراک | بیماران پر خطر | کودکان و نوجوانان | Ramadan fasting | Literature | Diabetes | Hypoglycaemia | Epidemiology | Diabetic ketoacidosis | Patients’ perspectives | Health Care Professionals | perceptions | High-risk patients | Children and adolescents
مقاله انگلیسی
2 Reinforcement learning as an intermediate phenotype in psychosis? Deficits sensitive to illness stage but not associated with polygenic risk of schizophrenia in the general population
یادگیری تقویتی به عنوان یک فنوتیپ متوسط در روان پریشی؟ کمبودهای حساس به مرحله بیماری اما با خطر پلی ژنیک اسکیزوفرنی در جمعیت عمومی ارتباط ندارد-2020
Background: Schizophrenia is a complex disorder in which the causal relations between risk genes and observed clinical symptoms are not well understood and the explanatory gap is too wide to be clarified without considering an intermediary level. Thus, we aimed to test the hypothesis of a pathway frommolecular polygenic influence to clinical presentation occurring via deficits in reinforcement learning. Methods: We administered a reinforcement learning task (Go/NoGo) that measures reinforcement learning and the effect of Pavlovian bias on decision making. We modelled the behavioural data with a hierarchical Bayesian approach (hBayesDM) to decompose task performance into its underlying learning mechanisms. Study 1 included controls (n = 29, F|M = 0.81), At Risk Mental State for psychosis (ARMS, n = 23, F|M= 0.35) and FEP (First-episode psychosis, n = 26, F|M = 0.18). Study 2 included healthy adolescents (n = 735, F|M = 1.06), 390 of whom had their polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia (PRSs) calculated. Results: Patients with FEP showed significant impairments in overriding Pavlovian conflict, a lower learning rate and a lower sensitivity to both reward and punishment. Less widespread deficits were observed in ARMS. PRSs did not significantly predict performance on the task in the general population, which only partially correlated with measures of psychopathology. Conclusions: Reinforcement learning deficits are observed in first episode psychosis and, to some extent, in those at clinical risk for psychosis, and were not predicted by molecular genetic risk for schizophrenia in healthy individuals. The study does not support the role of reinforcement learning as an intermediate phenotype in psychosis.
Keywords: Psychosis | Schizophrenia | PRS | Bayesian | Reinforcement learning | Go/NoGo task | Computational psychiatry
مقاله انگلیسی
3 An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-regression Analysis: Mental Disorders Among Adolescents in Juvenile Detention and Correctional Facilities
یک مرور سیستماتیک و تجزیه و تحلیل متا رگرسیون به روز شده: اختلالات روانی در نوجوانان در بازداشتگاههای نوجوانان و زندانهای اصلاح و تربیت-2020
Objective: To synthesize evidence on the prevalence of mental disorders in adolescents in juvenile detention and correctional facilities and examine sources of heterogeneity between studies. Method: Electronic databases and relevant reference lists were searched to identify surveys published from January 1966 to October 2019 that reported on the prevalence of mental disorders in unselected populations of detained adolescents. Data on the prevalence of a range of mental disorders (psychotic illnesses, major depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], conduct disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD]) along with predetermined study characteristics were extracted from the eligible studies. Analyses were reported separately for male and female adolescents, and findings were synthesized using random-effects models. Potential sources of heterogeneity were examined by meta-regression and subgroup analyses. Results: Forty-seven studies from 19 countries comprising 28,033 male and 4,754 female adolescents were identified. The mean age of adolescents assessed was 16 years (range, 10–19 years). In male adolescents, 2.7% (95% CI 2.0%–3.4%) had a diagnosis of psychotic illness; 10.1% (95% CI 8.1%–12.2%) major depression; 17.3% (95% CI 13.9%–20.7%) ADHD; 61.7% (95% CI 55.4%–67.9%) conduct disorder; and 8.6% (95% CI 6.4%–10.7%) PTSD. In female adolescents, 2.9% (95% CI 2.4%–3.5%) had a psychotic illness; 25.8% (95% CI 20.3%–31.3%) major depression; 17.5% (95% CI 12.1%–22.9%) ADHD; 59.0% (95% CI 44.9%–73.1%) conduct disorder; and 18.2% (95% CI 13.1%–23.2%) PTSD. Metaregression found higher prevalences of ADHD and conduct disorder in investigations published after 2006. Female adolescents had higher prevalences of major depression and PTSD than male adolescents. Conclusion: Consideration should be given to reviewing whether health care services in juvenile detention can address these levels of psychiatric morbidit
Key words: criminal justice | detention | mental disorders | PTSD | systematic review
مقاله انگلیسی
4 Abnormal dynamic functional network connectivity of the mirrorneuron system network and the mentalizing network in patients withadolescent-onset, first-episode, drug-naïve schizophrenia
اتصال غیر عادی شبکه عملکردی پویا شبکه سیستم mirrorneuron و شبکه روانی در بیماران مبتلا به اسکیزوفرنی زودرس ، قسمت اول ، مواد مخدر ساده-2020
Previous studies based on an assumption of connectivity stationarity reported disconnections in mirrorneuron system (MNS) and mentalizing networks of schizophrenic brains with social cognitive disrup-tions. However, recent studies demonstrated that functional brain connections are dynamic, and staticconnectivity metrics fail to capture time-varying properties of functional connections. The present studyused a dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) method to test whether alterations of functional connectiv-ity in the two networks are time-varying in adolescent-onset schizophrenia (AOS) patients. We collectedresting-state fMRI data from 28 patients with AOS and 22 matched healthy controls. Static functional con-nectivity and dFC were used to explore the connectivity difference in the MNS and mentalizing networksbetween the two groups, respectively. Then a Pearson’s correlation analysis between the connectivityshowing intergroup differences and clinical scores was conducted in the AOS group. Compared withstatic functional connectivity analyses, dFC revealed state-specific connectivity decreases within theMNS network in the AOS group. Additionally, the dFC between the left middle temporal gyrus and leftV5 was negatively correlated with the item2 of PANSS negative scores across all the AOS patients. Ourfindings suggest that social dysfunctions in AOS patients may be associated with the altered integrityand interaction of the MNS and mentalizing networks, and the functional impairments in the MNS aredynamic over Keywords:Dynamic functional connectivity | Resting-State fMRI | Mirror neuron system network | Mentalizing network | Adolescent-Onset schizophrenia
مقاله انگلیسی
5 Behavioral and Mental Health outcomes from an RCT of a Youth Entrepreneurship Intervention among Native American Adolescents
نتایج رفتاری و بهداشت روان از RCT مداخله کارآفرینی جوانان در میان نوجوانان بومی آمریکا-2020
Purpose: This study reports the impact of an entrepreneurship education intervention designed and evaluated specifically for its impact on substance use, suicide and violence-related outcomes among Native American adolescents.Methods: This randomized controlled trial included N = 394 Native Americans ages 13–16. Participants were randomly assigned 2:1 (n = 267:127) to the Arrowhead Business Group intervention versus a control condition. Logistic mixed effects regression models examined within group and between group differences in trajectory from baseline to 24 months follow-up.Results: Fewer intervention vs. control participants used marijuana at 6-, 12- and 24-months post-intervention (19.6% vs. 28.0%, p = 0.032; 20.4% vs. 31.8%, p = 0.01; and 24.1% vs. 31.4%, p = 0.047). All violence-related measures (suicide attempts, carrying a weapon, missing school because felt unsafe, fighting, and fighting at school) statistically significantly declined between baseline and 24 months for both groups. Positive between group differences favoring intervention participants were observed at 6-months for missing school because felt unsafe, and at 24-months for fighting at school. While alcohol use increased for both groups over time, control participants experienced a two-fold higher increase in binge alcohol use than intervention participants (control: 7.1–16.7% vs. intervention: 8.1–13.0%).Conclusions: This is the first report in the US literature of a youth entrepreneurship intervention designed and evaluated to promote behavioral and mental health outcomes. It shows promise for reducing substance abuse and violence toward self and others, the largest health disparities for Native American youth.
Keywords: Substance use | Adolescent | Entrepreneurship education | Native American | Randomized controlled trial | Violence
مقاله انگلیسی
6 A closer look at labour market status and crime among a general population sample of young men and women
نگاهی دقیق به وضعیت بازار کار و جرم و جنایت در بین یک نمونه جمعیت عمومی از زنان و مردان جوان-2020
Those in the most criminally active age groups are facing particular difficulties in entering the labour market and accumulating stable work experiences. This study uses a large representative sample of Finnish adolescents to examine how different labour market statuses are associated with crime. Both for men and women, withinindividual variation in employment is inversely linked to all crime measures considered, albeit to a different extent. In addition, qualitatively different categories of non-employment (e.g., non-participation without legitimate reason, studying, being on parental leave) are distinctly associated with crime. The findings underscore the importance of a detailed conceptualization of labour market status in research that aligns with the changed nature of employment and approximates the actual labour market experiences of young adults.
Keywords: Crime | Labour market status | Employment | Unemployment | Non-participation | Gender
مقاله انگلیسی
7 The harmonizing effect of Smart Snacks on the association between state snack laws and high school students fruit and vegetable consumption, United States—2005–2017
اثر هماهنگ کننده میان وعده های هوشمند در ارتباط بین قوانین میان وعده ایالتی با مصرف میوه و سبزیجات دانش آموزان دبیرستانی ، ایالات متحده — 2005-2017-2020
Despite national guidelines recommending daily fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption, intake of FV among adolescents is low. Over the past 10–15 years, state and federal laws have reduced the availability of junk foods in schools. This study examined the association between state snack laws and high school (HS) student FV consumption. The overall sample included 99,785 HS students (outcome samples ranged from 96,209-97,328) included in the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). National Cancer Institute Classification of Laws Associated with School Students data for 2004–2016 were lagged on to 2005–2017 YRBS data. Separate analyses examined the state law-youth FV consumption relationship pre- and post-federal Smart Snacks standards (effective school year 2014–2015). Analyses were conducted between 2018 and 2020. Overall, state laws were associated with any vegetable, salad, and other vegetable consumption. The relationship between state laws and vegetable consumption primarily occurred pre-Smart Snacks. Pre-Smart Snacks, state laws were associated with higher odds of youth consumption of any vegetable, salad, carrots, and other vegetables (all compared to students in states without snack laws). The only association post-Smart Snacks was between strong state laws and salads. This study illustrates the important role that standards restricting the availability of junk foods in schools can have on increasing student vegetable consumption. Given current efforts to roll-back federal school meal standards, findings from this study illustrate how federal standards harmonized the patchwork of state laws that existed prior to Smart Snacks and the important role that consistent national standards can play in supporting student consumption of vegetables.
Keywords: Legal epidemiology | Nutrition | Schools | Fruit | Vegetables
مقاله انگلیسی
8 Criminal offending trajectories from adolescence through young adulthood and the risk of food insecurity: evidence from the Add Health study
مسیرهای تخلف مجرمانه از دوران نوجوانی تا بزرگسالی و خطر عدم امنیت غذایی: شواهدی از مطالعه Add Health-2020
Purpose: High-rate, persistent criminal offending has substantial negative health consequences. This study examines how criminal offending trajectories during adolescence influence the risk of food insecurity in early adulthood. Methods: The study uses four waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health to determine the association between criminal offending trajectory membership and food insecurity. The analysis controls for individual- and neighborhood-level risk factors and assesses the mediating effects of depression and household income. Results: Five distinct offending trajectories were established using a group-based trajectory model. Membership in various offending trajectories predicts an increased risk for food insecurity. Those in high-rate, chronic-offending trajectories have the highest risk of food insecurity in early adulthood (OR ¼ 2.062; P < .01). These effects are significantly attenuated by depressive symptoms. Conclusions: This is the first study to test the association between criminal offending trajectory membership from adolescence through young adulthood and the risk of food insecurity in adulthood. Access to nutrition assistance and support among individuals with chronic-offending histories may minimize the risk of food insecurity. Those embedded in disadvantaged contexts are likely at a heightened risk. Improvements to mental health services and employment opportunities may reduce food insecurity among these vulnerable populations.
Keywords: Food insecurity | Crime | Offending trajectories | Add Health
مقاله انگلیسی
9 Assessment of suicide probability and related factors in male incarcerated adolescents; a sample of reformatory center in Turkey
ارزیابی احتمال خودکشی و عوامل مرتبط با آن در نوجوانان پسر زندانی: نمونه ای از مرکز اصلاحات در ترکیه-2020
Objective: Suicidal behavior in adolescents is an important public health problem, and it ranks first among the causes of prison deaths in incarcerated adolescents(IAs). The aim of this study is to determine the probability of suicide and associated risk factors in IAs.
Method: Seventy-one male adolescents in a reformatory center were contrasted with a matched group of 71 male adolescent with no psychiatric disorder and no criminal record. Suicidal probability and psychiatric symptomatology were assessed with the Suicide Probability Scale, SA-45 Questionnaire, respectively.
Results: It was determined that the probability of suicide was higher in IAs, and depression and hostility symptoms, the presence of another individual involved in delinquency in family had predictive effects. It was also found that there was a positive correlation between the probability of suicide and the number of delinquencies, the number of incarceration, and a negative correlation between attending to school or work while in reformatory and being visited by relatives while in reformatory.
Conclusions: The results suggest that when assessing suicide risk for IAS, it may be useful to pay attention to those with symptoms of depression or hostility, those with multiple delinquencies or entrance to reformatory, and those who have family members involved in delinquency.
Keywords: Suicidal behaviors | Risk factors | Incarcerated | Juvenile detention | Adolescents
مقاله انگلیسی
10 Exploring the potential association between gang membership and health outcomes in a longitudinal sample of youth and young adults
بررسی ارتباط بالقوه بین عضویت در گروه و نتایج سلامت در یک نمونه طولی از جوانان و بزرگسالان-2020
Purpose: Health criminology is an emerging line of inquiry that has focused on the association between crime/ criminality and health outcomes. The current study sought to add to this literature by examining the potential connection between gang membership and health problems and brain-based disorders. Methods: Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) were analyzed. Results: The results revealed that gang membership was associated with only two (cancer and high blood pressure) of the potential 12 health problems and brain-based disorders. Additional analyses indicated that gang membership was related to a combined measure of health problems, but not to a combined measure of brainbased disorders or to a cumulative measure of health problems. Supplemental analysis also revealed that gang membership was associated with an increased odds of being shot or stabbed. Conclusions: Gang membership does not appear to have sweeping negative effects on general health and brainbased disorders through young adulthood. We conclude by discussing the limitations of the study and directions for future research.
Keywords: Add health | Crime | Disorders | Gangs | Health
مقاله انگلیسی
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