The number of academic papers in the area of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its applications across business and management domains has risen significantly in the last decade, and that rise has been followed by an increase in the number of systematic literature reviews. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of existing systematic reviews in this growing area of research and to synthesise their findings related to enablers, barriers and social implications of the AI adoption in business and management. The methodology used for this tertiary study is based on Kitchenham and Charter’s guidelines [14], resulting in a selection of 30 reviews published between 2005 and 2019 which are reporting results of 2,021 primary studies. These reviews cover the AI adoption across various business sectors (healthcare, information technology, energy, agriculture, apparel industry, engineering, smart cities, tourism and transport), management and business functions (HR, customer services, supply chain, health and safety, project management, decisionsupport, systems management and technology acceptance). While the drivers for the AI adoption in these areas are mainly economic, the barriers are related to the technical aspects (e.g. availability of data, reusability of models) as well as the social considerations such as, increased dependence on non-humans, job security, lack of knowledge, safety, trust and lack of multiple stakeholders’ perspectives. Very few reviews outside of the healthcare management domain consider human, organisational and wider societal factors and implications of the AI adoption. Most of the selected reviews are recommending an increased focus on social aspects of AI, in addition to more rigorous evaluation, use of hybrid approaches (AI and non-AI) and multidisciplinary approaches to AI design and evaluation. Furthermore, this study found that there is a lack of systematic reviews in some of the AI early adopter sectors such as financial industry and retail and that the existing systematic reviews are not focusing enough on human, organisational or societal implications of the AI adoption in their research objectives.
Keywords: artificial intelligence | business | machine learning | management | systematic literature review | tertiary study

Artificial intelligence (AI) describes systems capable of making decisions of high cognitive complexity; autonomous AI systems in healthcare are AI systems that make clinical decisions without human oversight. Such rigorously validated medical diagnostic AI systems hold great promise for improving access to care, increasing accuracy, and lowering cost, while enabling specialist physicians to provide the greatest value by managing and treating patients whose outcomes can be improved. Ensuring that autonomous AI provides these benefits requires evaluation of the autonomous AI’s effect on patient outcome, design, validation, data usage, and accountability, from a bioethics and accountability perspective. We performed a literature review of bioethical principles for AI, and derived evaluation rules for autonomous AI, grounded in bioethical principles. The rules include patient outcome, validation, reference standard, design, data usage, and accountability for medical liability. Application of the rules explains successful US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) de novo authorization of an example, the first autonomous point-of-care diabetic retinopathy examination de novo authorized by the FDA, after a preregistered clinical trial. Physicians need to become competent in understanding the potential risks and benefits of autonomous AI, and understand its design, safety, efficacy and equity, validation, and liability, as well as how its data were obtained. The autonomous AI evaluation rules introduced here can help physicians understand limitations and risks as well as the potential benefits of autonomous AI for their patients. (Am J Ophthalmol 2020;214:134–142.

Intention recognition is the process of using behavioural cues, such as deliberative actions, eye gaze, and gestures, to infer an agent’s goals or future behaviour. In artificial intelligence, one approach for intention recognition is to use a model of possible behaviour to rate intentions as more likely if they are a better ‘fit’ to actions observed so far. In this paper, we draw from literature linking gaze and visual attention, and we propose a novel model of online human intention recognition that combines gaze and model-based AI planning to build probability distributions over a set of possible intentions. In human-behavioural experiments (n =40) involving a multi-player board game, we demonstrate that adding gaze-based priors to model-based intention recognition improved the accuracy of intention recognition by 22% (p <0.05), determined those intentions ≈90 seconds earlier (p <0.05), and at no additional computational cost. We also demonstrate that, when evaluated in the presence of semi-rational or deceptive gaze behaviours, the proposed model is significantly more accurate (9% improvement) (p <0.05) compared to a model-based or gaze only approaches. Our results indicate that the proposed model could be used to design novel human-agent interactions in cases when we are unsure whether a person is honest, deceitful, or semi-rational.
Keywords: Intention recognition | Gaze | Planning

From the early days of computing, games have been important testbeds for studying how well machines can do sophisticated decision making. In recent years, machine learning has made dramatic advances with artificial agents reaching superhuman performance in challenge domains like Go, Atari, and some variants of poker. As with their predecessors of chess, checkers, and backgammon, these game domains have driven research by providing sophisticated yet well-defined challenges for artificial intelligence practitioners. We continue this tradition by proposing the game of Hanabi as a new challenge domain with novel problems that arise from its combination of purely cooperative gameplay with two to five players and imperfect information. In particular, we argue that Hanabi elevates reasoning about the beliefs and intentions of other agents to the foreground. We believe developing novel techniques for such theory of mind reasoning will not only be crucial for success in Hanabi, but also in broader collaborative efforts, especially those with human partners. To facilitate future research, we introduce the open-source Hanabi Learning Environment, propose an experimental framework for the research community to evaluate algorithmic advances, and assess the performance of current state-of-the-art techniques.
Keywords: Multi-agent learning | Challenge paper | Reinforcement learning | Games | Theory of mind | Communication | Imperfect information | Cooperative

In this study, two drugs named Amlodipine (AML) and Valsartan (VAL) related to the high blood pressure were simultaneously determined in synthetic mixtures and Valzomix tablet. For this purpose, the chemometric-assisted spectrophotometric method was developed without any prepreparation. Artificial intelligence techniques, including artificial neural network (ANN) and least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) as chemometrics procedures were proposed. Feed-forward back-propagation neural network (FFBP-NN) with two different algorithms, containing Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) and gradient descent with momentum and adaptive learning rate backpropagation (GDX) was applied. To select the best model, several layers and neurons were investigated. The results revealed that layer = 5 with 6 neurons and layer = 2 with 10 neurons had lower mean square error (MSE) (1.41 × 10−24, 1.16 × 10-23) for AML and VAL, respectively. In the LS-SVM method, gamma (γ) and sigma (σ) parameters were optimized. γ and σ were obtained 50, 30 and 40, 40 with the root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.4290 and 0.5598 for AML and VAL, respectively. Analysis of the pharmaceutical formulation was evaluated through the chemometrics methods and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as a reference technique. The obtained results were statistically compared with each other using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. There were no significant differences between them and the proposed method was satisfactory for estimating the components of the Valzomix tablet.
Keywords: Spectrophotometry | Amlodipine | Valsartan | Artificial neural network | Least squares support vector machine