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1 |
Vision-assisted recognition of stereotype behaviors for early diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders
تشخیص رفتارهای کلیشه ای برای تشخیص زودهنگام اختلالات طیف اوتیسم با کمک بینایی ماشین-2021 Medical diagnosis supported by computer-assisted technologies is getting more popularity and acceptance among medical society. In this paper, we propose a non-intrusive vision-assisted method based on human action recognition to facilitate the diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). We collected a novel and comprehensive video dataset f the most distinctive Stereotype actions of this disorder with the assistance of professional clinicians. Several frameworks as a function of different input modalities were developed and used to produce extensive baseline results. Various local descriptors, which are commonly used within the Bag-of-Visual-Words approach, were tested with Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP), Gaussian Naive Bayes (GNB), and Support Vector Machines (SVM) classifiers for recognizing ASD associated behaviors. Additionally, we developed a framework that first receives articulated pose-based skeleton sequences as input and follows an LSTM network to learn the temporal evolution of the poses. Finally, obtained results were compared with two fine-tuned deep neural networks: ConvLSTM and 3DCNN. The results revealed that the Histogram of Optical Flow (HOF) descriptor achieves the best results when used with MLP classifier. The promising baseline results also confirmed that an action-recognition-based system can be potentially used to assist clinicians to provide a reliable, accurate, and timely diagnosis of ASD disorder.© 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Action recognition | Autism Spectrum Disorder | Patient monitoring | Bag-of-visual-words | Convolutional neural networks |
مقاله انگلیسی |
2 |
Association Between Abnormal Fetal Head Growth and Autism Spectrum Disorder
ارتباط بین رشد غیرطبیعی سر جنین و اختلال طیف اوتیسم-2021 Objective: Despite evidence for the prenatal onset of abnormal head growth in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), studies on fetal
ultrasound data in ASD are limited and controversial.
Method: We conducted a longitudinal matched case-siblingcontrol study on prenatal ultrasound biometric measures of children with ASD, and 2 control groups: (1) their own typically developed sibling (TDS) and (2) typically developed population (TDP). The cohort comprised 528 children (72.7% male), 174 with ASD, 178 TDS, and 176 TDP. Results: During the second trimester, ASD and TDS fetuses had significantly smaller biparietal diameter (BPD) than TDP fetuses (adjusted odds ratio for the z score of BPD [aORzBPD] ¼ 0.685, 95% CI ¼ 0.5270.890, and aORzBPD ¼ 0.587, 95% CI ¼ 0.4590.751, respectively). However, these differences became statistically indistinguishable in the third trimester. Interestingly, head biometric measures varied by sex, with male fetuses having larger heads than female fetuses within and across groups. A linear mixed-effect model assessing the effects of sex and group assignment on fetal longitudinal head growth indicated faster BPD growth in TDS versus both ASD and TDP in male fetuses (b ¼ 0.084 and b ¼ 0.100 respectively; p < .001) but not in female fetuses, suggesting an ASD–sex interaction in head growth during gestation. Finally, fetal head growth showed conflicting correlations with ASD severity in male and female children across different gestation periods, thus further supporting the sex effect on the association between fetal head growth and ASD. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that abnormal fetal head growth is a familial trait of ASD, which is modulated by sex and is associated with the severity of the disorder. Thus, it could serve as an early biomarker for ASD. Key words: autism spectrum disorder | prenatal ultrasound | head growth | fetal development |
مقاله انگلیسی |
3 |
تأثیر آموزش شناختی مبتنی بر واقعیت مجازی بر کودکان مبتلا به اختلال طیف اوتیسم
سال انتشار: 2021 - تعداد صفحات فایل pdf انگلیسی: 5 - تعداد صفحات فایل doc فارسی: 17 واقعیت مجازی (VR) یک محیط مصنوعی است که از طریق محرک های حسی که یک رایانه ایجاد میکند، تجربه می شود. قابلیت VR برای شبیه سازی واقعیت دسترسی به درمان های روانی را تا حد زیادی افزایش میدهد. برای تحلیل تأثیر آموزش ذهنی مبتنی بر VA روی کودکان مبتلا به اختلال طیف اوتیسم (ASD) مدل آموزش مداخله زود هنگام و بازخورد هوشمند جزئی ایجاد شد. برای کمک به شدت علائم و اثربخشی درمان آموزش ذهنی مبتنی بر VA در کودکان مبتلا به ASD ، از لیست بررسی رفتار اوتیسم (ABC) ، مقیاس درجهبندی اوتیسم دوران کودکی (CARS) و مقیاس رفتار اوتیسم Clancy (کابین) استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که آموزش ذهنی مبتنی بر VA برای کودکان مبتلا به ASD بسیار جذاب بود؛ آموزش ذهنی مبتنی بر VA علائم معمول (اختلال ارتباط اجتماعی ، تاخیر گفتاری، کم توجهی و رفتار جدی) کودکان مبتلا به ASD را به طور چشمگیری بهبود بخشید و طی 4 هفته پس از درمان لیست بررسی رفتار اوتیسم (ABC)، مقیاس درجهبندی اوتیسم دوران کودکی (CARS) و مقیاس رفتار اوتیسم را بهبود بخشید (کابین ها). داده ها حاکی از آن است که آموزش ذهنی مبتنی بر VA ممکن است روش خوبی برای درمان کودکان مبتلا به ASD باشد.
کلمات کلیدی : اختلال طیف اوتیسم | آموزش روانی کودکان | واقعیت مجازی | مداخله |
مقاله ترجمه شده |
4 |
The narrative coherence of witness transcripts in children on the autism spectrum
انسجام روایی متن شاهد در کودکان در طیف اوتیسم-2020 Background and Aims: Autistic children often recall fewer details about witnessed events than
typically developing children (of comparable age and ability), although the information they
recall is generally no less accurate. Previous research has not examined the narrative coherence
of such accounts, despite higher quality narratives potentially being perceived more favourably
by criminal justice professionals and juries. This study compared the narrative coherence of
witness transcripts produced by autistic and typically developing (TD) children (ages 6–11 years,
IQs 70+).
Methods and Procedures: Secondary analysis was carried out on interview transcripts from a
subset of 104 participants (autism=52, TD=52) who had taken part in a larger study of
eyewitness skills in autistic and TD children. Groups were matched on chronological age, IQ and
receptive language ability. Coding frameworks were adopted from existing narrative research,
featuring elements of ‘story grammar’.
Outcomes and Results: Whilst fewer event details were reported by autistic children, there were
no group differences in narrative coherence (number and diversity of ‘story grammar’ elements
used), narrative length or semantic diversity.
Conclusions and Implications: These findings suggest that the narrative coherence of autistic
children’s witness accounts is equivalent to TD peers of comparable age and ability. Keywords: Children | Autism | Eyewitness testimony | Narrative coherence | Story grammar |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Exploring the autistic and police perspectives of the custody process through a participative walkthrough
بررسی دیدگاه های اوتیستم و پلیس روند بازداشت از طریق یک جستجوی مشارکتی-2020 Background: Research suggests that autistic individuals may be more likely to come into contact
with police and have more negative experiences in police custody. However, limited information
about the difficulties they experience during the custody process is available.
Aims: This study explores the experiences of autistic individuals and officers during a walkthrough
of the custody process to identify specific difficulties in these encounters and what
support is needed to overcome these.
Methods and procedures: A participative walkthrough method was developed to provide autistic
individuals and officers an interactive opportunity to identify areas where further support in the
custody process was needed. Two autistic participants and three officers took part in the study.
Outcomes and results: Autistic participants reported negative experiences due to: i) the emotional
impact of the physical setting and custody process ii) communication barriers leading to increased
anxiety and iii) exposure to sensory demands. Officers highlighted three factors which
limit their ability to support autistic individuals effectively: i) the custody context ii) barriers to
communication and iii) knowledge and understanding of autism.
Conclusions and implications: Adjustments are needed to the custody process and environment to
support interactions between autistic individuals and officers and improve the overall wellbeing
of autistic individuals. Keywords: Autism spectrum conditions | Criminal justice system | Vulnerable detainees | Police custody | Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 | Access to justice |
مقاله انگلیسی |
6 |
Conceptualising social and communication vulnerabilities among detainees in the criminal justice system
مفهوم سازی آسیب پذیری های اجتماعی و ارتباطی در بین بازداشت شدگان در سیستم دادرسی کیفری-2020 More people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are now being identified in the criminal justice
system, and in parallel with this increase, the prevalence of ASD in the community has risen more
than 150 % in the same time period. In this article, I will argue that this increase is due to a
reclassification of those individuals whose social, communicative and behavioural function is at
the lower end of the normal range. Put simply, extremes of these quantitative traits are now being
conceptualised as ‘disorder’. This has particular relevance for the criminal justice system as such
traits are over-represented in this population: as such, it is likely that increasing numbers of
people who are incarcerated will receive an ASD diagnosis. This will have major implications for
where best, and how best, to manage such individuals using a framework of ‘disorder’ versus
‘difference’. Keywords: Autism spectrum disorders | Neurodevelopmental disorders | Biology | Genetics | Psychopathology |
مقاله انگلیسی |
7 |
Appropriate adults: Their experiences and understanding of Autism Spectrum Disorder
مناسب بزرگسالان : تجربیات و درک آنها از اختلال طیف اوتیسم-2020 An appropriate adult (AA) is required by law, to support juveniles and vulnerable adults during
custody procedures. This paper explored the opinions and knowledge of AAs and how the
characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) could disadvantage an individual within a
police interview. A questionnaire was administered to AAs who had received training to carry out
their duties (N = 55). AAs were asked a number of questions concerning suspects with ASD.
Overall, the questionnaire found that AAs had some awareness of the key features of ASD.
However, AAs were less aware of the possible impact these characteristics could have upon the
interview process. Nevertheless, when asked about actual practice, fifteen incidents were reported
where it was deemed that the characteristics of ASD disrupted interview procedures. For
example, it was reported that suspects with ASD displayed repetitive and rigid behaviour patterns
that interfered with the flow of the interview. Encouragingly, the self-reported data suggested
that AAs were able to respond effectively to these actual incidents. That withstanding it is suggested
that AA training should include information about how those with ASD might be at a
disadvantage within the forensic interview environment and outline strategies that AAs could use
to help a person with ASD fully engage within the criminal justice process. Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder | Appropriate Adult | Criminal justice system | Vulnerability |
مقاله انگلیسی |
8 |
Self-reported motivations for engaging or declining to engage in cyber-dependent offending and the role of autistic traits
انگیزه های خوداظهاری برای درگیر شدن یا کاهش مشارکت در جرم وابسته به فضای مجازی و نقش صفات اوتیسم-2020 Cyber-dependent offending, i.e. criminal behaviour reliant on computing and the online domain,
has been reportedly associated with particular characteristics and motivations such as being
young, male, autistic and motivated by challenge. These associations are anecdotal however and
empirical evidence is limited. The present study investigated reasons for engaging or declining to
commit cyber-dependent offending in cyber-skilled non-offenders (n=175) and offenders
(n=7) via an online survey measuring cyber-dependent criminality. The potential role of autism
and autistic traits was also considered. Qualitative interviews about motivations for offending
were carried out with the offenders. The cyber-dependent offenders reported seven main reasons
for engaging in cyber-dependent offending: (1) lack of understanding; (2) entertainment; (3) peer
influence; (4) experience and career; (5) anonymity and risk perception; (6) life events; and (7)
morals. Twenty-nine (approximately 17 %) of the non-offenders had been asked to engage in
cyber-dependent offending but had declined. Their reasons and motivations for declining to
commit cyber-dependent offences were compared with the cyber-dependent offenders reasons
and motivations for engaging in cybercrime. Seven main reasons for declining to offend were
identified: (1) moral principles; (2) perception of risk; (3) fear of consequences; (4) not wanting
to; (5) wanting to adhere to the law; (6) behaviour being too complicated; and (7) price being too
low. Implications for practise are discussed. Keywords: Offending | Autistic traits | Autism | Cyber-dependent offending | Cybercrime | Motivations |
مقاله انگلیسی |
9 |
Perspectives from the ASD community on police interactions: Challenges & recommendations
چشم اندازهای جامعه ASD در مورد تعاملات پلیس: چالش ها و توصیه ها-2020 Background: Research shows that a substantial proportion of people with Autism come into
contact with the police in their lifetime, and some research suggests that they are largely unsatisfied
with their police interactions.
Method: Thirty-five adults with ASD completed an online questionnaire regarding the challenges
police may face when interacting with Autistic people, as well as provided recommendations as
to how those interactions could be improved.
Results: Respondents reported a variety of different potential challenges that could present in an
interaction between the police and people with ASD. For example, respondents felt that typical
Autistic behaviours, such as stimming or communication difficulties, could be misinterpreted by
police officers and lead to adverse outcomes. Respondents discussed several recommendations
aimed at improving police interactions with Autistic people, including involving Autisitc people
in the training of police officers.
Conclusions: The information collected in this study provides insights into how interactions between
the police and people with ASD can be improved. These findings can be used in the development
of police training programs or integrated into pre-existing training programs on
Autism, contributing the invaluable perspective of the Autism community. Keywords: Police | Police interactions | Autism spectrum disorder | Criminal justice system |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Isolating residents including wandering residents in care and group homes: Medical ethics and English law in the context of Covid-19
منزوی کردن ساکنان از جمله ساکنان سرگردان در خانه های مراقبتی و گروهی: اخلاق پزشکی و قانون انگلیس در زمینه کووید-19-2020 This article investigates the lawfulness of isolating residents of care and group homes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Many residents are mobile, and their freedom to move is a central ethical tenet and human right. It is not however an absolute right and trade-offs between autonomy, liberty and health need to be made since COVID-19 is highly infectious and poses serious risks of critical illness and death. People living in care and group homes may be particularly vulnerable because recommended hygiene practices are difficult for them and many residents are elderly, and/or have co-morbidities. In some circumstances, the trade-offs can be made easily with the agreement of the resident and for short periods of time. However challenging cases arise, in particular for residents and occupants with dementia who‘wander’, meaning they have a strong need to walk, sometimes due to agitation, as may also be the case for some people with developmental disability (e.g. autism),or as a consequence of mental illness.This article addresses three central questions: (1) in what circumstances is it lawful to isolate residents of social care homes to prevent transmission of COVID-19, in particular where the resident has a strong compulsion to walk and will not, or cannot, remain still and isolated? (2) what types of strategies are lawful to curtail walking and achieve isolation and social distancing? (3) is law reform required to ensure any action to restrict freedoms is lawful and not excessive? These questions emerged during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and are still relevant. Although focussed on COVID-19, the results are also relevant to other future outbreaks of infectious diseases in care and group homes. Likewise, while we concentrate on the law in England and Wales, the analysis and implications have international significance. |
مقاله انگلیسی |