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نتیجه جستجو - Beach

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 26
ردیف عنوان نوع
1 Function, persistence, and selection: Generalizing the selected-effect account of function adequately
عملکرد، تداوم و انتخاب: تعمیم حساب اثر انتخابی عملکرد به اندازه کافی-2021
The selected effect account is regarded by many as one of the most attractive accounts of function. This account assumes that the function of a trait is what it has been selected for. Recently, it has been generalized by Justin Garson to include cases in which selection is understood as a simple sorting process, i.e., a selection process between entities that do not reproduce. However, once extended, this generalized selected effect account seems to ascribe functions to entities for which it looks unintuitive to do so. For instance, the hardness of rocks on a beach being differentially eroded by waves would be ascribed the function of resisting erosion. Garson provides one central argument why, despite appearance, one should not ascribe functions in cases of such sorting processes. In this paper, I start by presenting his argument, which hinges on whether a collection of entities form a population. I find it wanting. I argue instead that some selection processes are evolutionarily more or less interesting and that when a selection process is regarded as evolutionarily uninteresting, it will yield an uninteresting form of function rather than a reason for withholding the concept of function altogether.
keywords: ماندگاری | عملکرد | انتخاب | انطباق | اثرات انتخاب شده | Persistence | Function | Selection | Adaptation | Selected effects
مقاله انگلیسی
2 Gathering local ecological knowledge to augment scientific and management understanding of a living coastal resource: The case of Oregon’s nearshore groundfish trawl fishery
جمع آوری دانش زیست محیطی محلی برای تقویت درک علمی و مدیریت از یک منبع ساحلی زنده: مورد ماهیگیری ماهی قرمز مایل به قرمز اورگان-2021
Globally, coastal nearshore regions are an intersecting point for human and biological productivity, often serving as hotspots for subsistence, commercial, and recreational fishing activities. Despite this, many nearshore areas remain poorly understood, monitored or managed. This case study examined the nearshore sector of Oregon’s groundfish trawl fishery, which exists in shallow estuarine and continental shelf habitats common along the West Coast of North America; areas that are important for early life history stages of many commercial and recrea- tional fisheries. The West Coast groundfish fishery includes over 90 different species, 40 of which occur within Oregon’s nearshore (here defined as the portion of the shelf extending seaward to a water depth of 200 m). The very shallow portions of the Oregon Coast (the area of the shelf inshore of 55 m) have been subject to limited scientific survey monitoring, and much of the details of the ecology, health, and processes in these habitats remain poorly understood. The utilization of the nearshore region by the commercial groundfish trawl fleet is also minimally documented despite the fact that experiential knowledge (local ecological knowledge [LEK]; trawl logbooks, fish tickets, interviews) exists. This research explored the capacity of capturing LEK sources to inform and enhance understanding of the drivers of effort and the vitality of nearshore fishery resources. Our approach used statistical analysis and mapping of nearshore trawl effort from 1981 to 2017 and gathered semi- structured interviews of intergenerational fishermen to bolster data-poor areas. Insights provided by sampling strategies and historical to current knowledge of access to groundfish assemblages provide informed baselines for future management. Spatial mapping results revealed a decline in trawl effort on the Oregon continental shelf thought time. Logbook and interview data assessment illuminated market and ecological drivers of fishing behavior as well as a unique sector of the groundfish fleet in Oregon: the beach fleet, with unique market and socio-economic challenges. Findings indicate a mixed-methods approach can provide a more thorough assess- ment of long-term interest in Oregon’s nearshore groundfish fishery. Ensuring better understanding of coastal interfacing regions such as Oregon’s nearshore insights potential for better conservation and utilization of marine resources and improved monitoring in resource limited management contexts.
keywords: دانش زیست محیطی محلی | زمین های دریایی ساحل غربی ایالات متحده | اطلاعات وابسته به ماهیگیری | ماهیگیری ساحلی | Local ecological knowledge | US West Coast groundfishes | Fisheries-dependent data | Coastal fisheries
مقاله انگلیسی
3 Relationship between foredune profile morphology and aeolian and marine dynamics: A conceptual model
ارتباط مورفولوژی مشخصات foredune و پویایی بادی و دریایی: یک مدل مفهومی-2020
Foredunes are highly dynamic coastal features that are intrinsically connected with their adjacent beaches. Correlations among parameters representative of aeolian and marine dynamics and the size and location of foredunes were carried out. The results indicate that foredune steady-state location depends mainly on marine dynamics, given that foredune toe level was positively correlatedwith the totalwater level of 10-year return period, which guarantees that the foredune is only eroded by waves occasionally and therefore will have time to recover and return to its long-termmorphological state. Foredune steady-state sizewas characterized by its volume, whichwas positively correlatedwith aeolian sediment drift potential and exponentially related to the total water levelwith a 10-year return period. Aeolian sediment drift potential is indicative of the total amount of sand that potentially reaches the foredune, and therefore the foredune size is directly related to it. Higher total water level with a 10-year return period leads to a foredune located further from the shoreline and at a higher altitude (higher toe level asmentioned above). Consequently the beach iswider and the presence ofmoisture is expected to be lower. This wider and dryer beach allows the aeolian sediment transport to approximate to its maximum value, increasing its potential to build a bigger foredune. Data confirmed that the total water level with a 10- year return period and the foredune volume are exponentially related. The correlations found show that foredune steady-state size is related to both aeolian sediment drift potential and marine dynamics. Based on these results, a long-term conceptual model is proposed to explain the different morphological characteristics of the steady-state shape of foredunes as a function of the joint action of marine and wind dynamics.
Keywords: Foredune | Long-term morphological state | Aeolian dynamic | Marine dynamic | Dune conceptual model | Coastal dune
مقاله انگلیسی
4 Mobile phone network data reveal nationwide economic value of coastal tourism under climate change
ارزش اقتصادی داده های شبکه تلفن همراه در سراسر جهان از گردشگری ساحلی در اثر تغییر آب و هوا-2020
The technology-driven application of big data is expected to assist policymaking towards sustainable development; however, the relevant literature has not addressed human welfare under climate change, which limits the understanding of climate change impacts on human societies. We present the first application of unique mobile phone network data to evaluate the current nation-wide human welfare of coastal tourism at Japanese beaches and project the value change using the four climate change scenarios. The results show that the projected national economic value loss rates are more significant than the projected national physical beach loss rates. Our findings demonstrate regional differences in recreational values: most southern beaches with larger current values would disappear, while the current small values of the northern beaches would remain. These changes imply that the ranks of the beaches, based on economic values, would enable policymakers to discuss management priorities under climate change.
Keywords: Adaptation | Beach recreation | Big data | Climate change | Coastal tourism | Ecosystem services | Travel cost method | Sea level rise
مقاله انگلیسی
5 Non-market valuation of beach quality: Using spatial hedonic price modeling in Hilton Head Island, SC
ارزیابی غیر بازاری از کیفیت ساحل: استفاده از مدل سازی قیمت هیدونیک فضایی در جزیره هیلتون SC-2020
Climate change has been impacting beach quality negatively for years. The gradual increase in sea level has been slowly diminishing the Atlantic coastline by eroding beaches and worsening coastal flooding. Narrowing beach width, one of the most important attributes of beach quality, has been a major concern for policy makers, local residents and visitors as lower beach quality has environmental and economic consequences. Filling the beaches with sand under beach replenishment projects has been widely used to treat this problem. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the economic value of beach width using the past residential property prices in Hilton Head Island, SC. Spatial error hedonic price method was adopted to account for spatial dependency among error terms. The results of this study show that beach width has significant influence on the values of neighboring properties that are located within 633 feet of the shoreline. An additional foot of beach width would add as much as $3,012 to the value of an oceanfront residential property. Without an accurate estimation of the economic value of beach width, cost-benefit analyses of beach nourishment and other shoreline management projects would be incomplete.
Keywords: Hedonic price method | Beach width | Beach replenishment | Beach nourishment | Spatial error model
مقاله انگلیسی
6 Is Blue Flag certification a means of destination competitiveness? A Canadian context
آیا صدور گواهینامه پرچم آبی وسیله ای برای رقابت مقصد است؟ زمینه کانادایی-2020
As competition increases, so does the need for a destination to differentiate itself. Blue Flag, a voluntary environmental certification, has been described as an effective marketing tool to communicate nature-based management to consumers. Does certification, however, influence the consumer’s choice when choosing a destination? This study examined consumer’s satisfaction of beach characteristics and tourist preferences for beach selection through subjective indicators of destination competitiveness. Findings show that knowledge of Blue Flag certification increased the importance that beachgoers placed on selecting future destinations, as well as higher levels of overall satisfaction, satisfaction with water quality, water cleanliness and beach cleanliness. These results suggest that beach certification is a signal of indirect competitiveness. As such, tourism agencies may be able to deploy the results of this research to support their decision to utilize certifications as a means of differentiation, as well as being a strategy through which to educate the beachgoers of their role in protecting and maintaining the beach for current and future generations.
Keywords: Destination competitiveness | Blue flag | Sustainability | Certification | Beaches | Canada | Destination choice
مقاله انگلیسی
7 Evaluating erosion management strategies in Waikiki, Hawaii
ارزیابی استراتژی های مدیریت فرسایش در Waikiki ، هاوایی-2020
Waikiki is an internationally recognized tourist destination and a major source of economic activity in Hawaii. Erosion is a constant threat to Waikiki’s beaches and coastal properties. This applied study presents an assessment and comparison of three erosion management approaches – beach nourishment, armoring and managed retreat – in the context of Waikiki. A geographic information system (GIS) is used to project erosion rates to 2050 and 2100, while approximating effects of sea level rise (SLR). The spatial extent of erosion and costs of each management approach are estimated. Suitability of each approach is evaluated based on management impacts to economy, environment, recreation, storm protection, and resources. This framework provides a comparative analysis that can be replicated in similar settings. The findings indicate that nourishment may be a beneficial and economical approach to manage erosion in this densely developed, economically significant beach setting. Nourishment costs are on the same order of magnitude as armoring, while retreat costs are an order of magnitude higher. The larger indirect impacts and economic losses associated with armoring (beach loss) and retreat (property loss) make nourishment the least impactful option for addressing erosion in Waikiki. As the projections and understanding of climate change impacts improve, solutions may evolve. Nourishment may provide a noregrets, suitable approach for managing erosion in Waikiki until other solutions emerge. This paper presents opportunities and implications of nourishment for planning and future research in Waikiki.
Keywords: Coastal erosion | Erosion management | Coastal planning | Sea level rise
مقاله انگلیسی
8 DNA backlog reduction strategy: Law enforcement agency partnerships for a successful biological screening laboratory
استراتژی کاهش عقب مانده DNA: همکاری آژانس اجرای قانون برای یک آزمایشگاه غربالگری بیولوژیکی موفق-2020
In 2009, the Palm Beach County Sheriff’s Office Forensic Biology Unit developed an innovative DNA backlog strategy to construct and operate a centralized biological processing laboratory (BPL) within a law enforcement agency, the Boca Raton Police Services Department. The BPL became fully operational in 2012 and obtained accreditation in 2017. This coordinated, multi-agency agreement resulted in a streamlined process exemplifying several benefits such as communicating timely testing results, decreasing the case turnaround time, and decreasing the DNA case backlog. This paper provides a summary of the necessary considerations of location, construction, personnel, and services when constructing a BPL, as well as, provides a comparison of initial completion dates and ultimate completion dates over a three-year period from 2016 to 2018. Three LEAs submitted 613 cases to the BPL commensurate with jurisdictional population. Performance metrics such as types and number of criminal cases screened; the number of samples forwarded for PBSO DNA testing; the turnaround time to handle, screen, or analyze a forensic sample; evidentiary samples; and the number of profiles entered into the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) database are reported. For example, prior to this DNA backlog reduction strategy, the FBU was taking an average of 153 days to handle, screen, or analyze a forensic sample from submission to final report and there was a backlog of 679 cases. From 2016 to 2018, the total average turnaround time for BPL decreased from 30.5 to 19.6 days, (35.8% decrease); and the FBU Request turnaround time decreased from 153 to 80 days (35% decrease). Monitoring laboratory metrics demonstrate the efficacy of the DNA backlog reduction strategy. There are several takeaway lessons from this experience, including (1) engaging legal counsel early to outline necessary legal procedures and the timeline; (2) bringing all stakeholders “to the table” early to discuss expectations, as well as legal and operational responsibilities; and (3) creating a realistic timeline as well as establishing a comprehensive memorandum of understanding by which all parties understand their roles and responsibilities. Understanding laboratory and non-laboratory policy issues is critical to implementation success and the efficacy of a BPL as a DNA backlog reduction strategy.
Keywords: Forensics | Biology | Law enforcement | Evidence | Serology | DNA
مقاله انگلیسی
9 Exploring connections among the multiple outputs and outcomes emerging from 25 years of sea turtle conservation in Northern Cyprus
بررسی اتصالات بین خروجی متعدد و نتایج حاصل از 25 سال از حفاظت از لاک پشت های دریایی در قبرس شمالی-2020
Monitoring and evaluation is an essential stage of conservation implementation, offering a wide variety of benefits including the ability to engage in informed adaptive management. Understanding the relationship among actions, outputs, and outcomes can inform on factors acting to facilitate or hinder conservation success. Assessing these relationships is particularly important for projects with both social and ecological objectives given that they likely operate through a more complex theory of change. Performance measurement studies that assess both ecological and social variables can offer an informative and cost-effective evaluation method for such projects, but simultaneous social-ecological evaluation is rarely implemented. Using the case study of the Marine Turtle Conservation Project in North Cyprus, we aimed to demonstrate how social-ecological performance measure protocols can aid sea turtle conservation efforts in adaptive management through informing on connections among project actions, outputs, and outcomes. Our study employed a mixed-methods performance measurement approach integrating three distinct data sources: 31 project publications, the project’s long-term dataset on sea turtle ecology, and 26 semi-structured interviews with key informants including residents, fishermen, local business owners, and project staff. The results indicated that the project has generated a wide range of social, economic, and ecological outcomes. Two primary connections among social and ecological factors emerged: 1) bridging the research-implementation gap through directing research into policy action and 2) enhanced operational capacity and achievement of ecological outcomes through extensively engaging with the community and generating local economic benefits. Insufficient government enforcement and a lack of widespread behavioural change on turtle nesting beaches were primary barriers. This study highlights the benefits of multi-disciplinary conservation and demonstrates the insight that can be gained from rapid, social-ecological performance measurement approaches. Channelling such information back into conservation through adaptive management can serve to both increase the achievement of ecological goals and improve human wellbeing.
Keywords: Caretta caretta | Chelonia mydas | conservation outcomes | monitoring and evaluation | performance measurement | theory of change
مقاله انگلیسی
10 Anthropogenic Marine Debris assessment with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle imagery and deep learning: A case study along the beaches of the Republic of Maldives
ارزیابی بقایای دریایی آنتروپوژنیک با تصاویر بدون سرنشین هوایی و یادگیری عمیق: مطالعه موردی در سواحل جمهوری مالدیو-2019
Anthropogenic Marine Debris (AMD) is one of the major environmental issues of our planet to date, and plastic accounts for 80% of total AMD. Beaches represent one of themainmarine compartmentwhere AMD accumulates, but few and scattered regional assessments are available from literature reporting quantitative estimation of AMD distributed on the shorelines. However, accessing information on the AMD accumulation rate on beaches, and the associated spatiotemporal oscillations, would be crucial to refining global estimation on the dispersal mechanisms. In our work, we address this issue by proposing an ad-hocmethodology formonitoring and automatically quantifying AMD, based on the combined use of a commercial Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) (equipped with an RGB high-resolution camera) and a deep-learning based software (i.e.: PlasticFinder). Remote areas were monitored by UAV and were inspected by operators on the ground to check and to categorise all AMD dispersed on the beach. The high-resolution images obtained from UAV allowed to visually detect a percentage of the objects on the shores higher than 87.8%, thus providing suitable images to populate training and testing datasets, aswell as gold standards to evaluate the software performance. PlasticFinder reached a Sensitivity of 67%,with a Positive Predictive Value of 94%, in the automatic detection of AMD, but a limitation was found, due to reduced sunlightconditions, thus restricting to the use of the software in its present version. We, therefore, confirmed the efficiency of commercial UAVs as tools for AMD monitoring and demonstrated - for the first time - the potential of deep learning for the automatic detection and quantification of AMD.
Keywords: Anthropogenic Marine-Debris | Unmanned Aerial Vehicles | Machine learning | Deep learning algorithms | Maldives | Beach
مقاله انگلیسی
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