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Function, persistence, and selection: Generalizing the selected-effect account of function adequately
عملکرد، تداوم و انتخاب: تعمیم حساب اثر انتخابی عملکرد به اندازه کافی-2021 The selected effect account is regarded by many as one of the most attractive accounts of function. This account
assumes that the function of a trait is what it has been selected for. Recently, it has been generalized by Justin
Garson to include cases in which selection is understood as a simple sorting process, i.e., a selection process
between entities that do not reproduce. However, once extended, this generalized selected effect account seems to
ascribe functions to entities for which it looks unintuitive to do so. For instance, the hardness of rocks on a beach
being differentially eroded by waves would be ascribed the function of resisting erosion. Garson provides one
central argument why, despite appearance, one should not ascribe functions in cases of such sorting processes. In
this paper, I start by presenting his argument, which hinges on whether a collection of entities form a population. I
find it wanting. I argue instead that some selection processes are evolutionarily more or less interesting and that
when a selection process is regarded as evolutionarily uninteresting, it will yield an uninteresting form of function
rather than a reason for withholding the concept of function altogether.
keywords: ماندگاری | عملکرد | انتخاب | انطباق | اثرات انتخاب شده | Persistence | Function | Selection | Adaptation | Selected effects |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Gathering local ecological knowledge to augment scientific and management understanding of a living coastal resource: The case of Oregon’s nearshore groundfish trawl fishery
جمع آوری دانش زیست محیطی محلی برای تقویت درک علمی و مدیریت از یک منبع ساحلی زنده: مورد ماهیگیری ماهی قرمز مایل به قرمز اورگان-2021 Globally, coastal nearshore regions are an intersecting point for human and biological productivity, often serving
as hotspots for subsistence, commercial, and recreational fishing activities. Despite this, many nearshore areas
remain poorly understood, monitored or managed. This case study examined the nearshore sector of Oregon’s
groundfish trawl fishery, which exists in shallow estuarine and continental shelf habitats common along the West
Coast of North America; areas that are important for early life history stages of many commercial and recrea-
tional fisheries. The West Coast groundfish fishery includes over 90 different species, 40 of which occur within
Oregon’s nearshore (here defined as the portion of the shelf extending seaward to a water depth of 200 m). The
very shallow portions of the Oregon Coast (the area of the shelf inshore of 55 m) have been subject to limited
scientific survey monitoring, and much of the details of the ecology, health, and processes in these habitats
remain poorly understood. The utilization of the nearshore region by the commercial groundfish trawl fleet is
also minimally documented despite the fact that experiential knowledge (local ecological knowledge [LEK];
trawl logbooks, fish tickets, interviews) exists. This research explored the capacity of capturing LEK sources to
inform and enhance understanding of the drivers of effort and the vitality of nearshore fishery resources. Our
approach used statistical analysis and mapping of nearshore trawl effort from 1981 to 2017 and gathered semi-
structured interviews of intergenerational fishermen to bolster data-poor areas. Insights provided by sampling
strategies and historical to current knowledge of access to groundfish assemblages provide informed baselines for
future management. Spatial mapping results revealed a decline in trawl effort on the Oregon continental shelf
thought time. Logbook and interview data assessment illuminated market and ecological drivers of fishing
behavior as well as a unique sector of the groundfish fleet in Oregon: the beach fleet, with unique market and
socio-economic challenges. Findings indicate a mixed-methods approach can provide a more thorough assess-
ment of long-term interest in Oregon’s nearshore groundfish fishery. Ensuring better understanding of coastal
interfacing regions such as Oregon’s nearshore insights potential for better conservation and utilization of marine
resources and improved monitoring in resource limited management contexts. keywords: دانش زیست محیطی محلی | زمین های دریایی ساحل غربی ایالات متحده | اطلاعات وابسته به ماهیگیری | ماهیگیری ساحلی | Local ecological knowledge | US West Coast groundfishes | Fisheries-dependent data | Coastal fisheries |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Relationship between foredune profile morphology and aeolian and marine dynamics: A conceptual model
ارتباط مورفولوژی مشخصات foredune و پویایی بادی و دریایی: یک مدل مفهومی-2020 Foredunes are highly dynamic coastal features that are intrinsically connected with their adjacent beaches.
Correlations among parameters representative of aeolian and marine dynamics and the size and location of
foredunes were carried out. The results indicate that foredune steady-state location depends mainly on marine
dynamics, given that foredune toe level was positively correlatedwith the totalwater level of 10-year return period,
which guarantees that the foredune is only eroded by waves occasionally and therefore will have time to
recover and return to its long-termmorphological state. Foredune steady-state sizewas characterized by its volume,
whichwas positively correlatedwith aeolian sediment drift potential and exponentially related to the total
water levelwith a 10-year return period. Aeolian sediment drift potential is indicative of the total amount of sand
that potentially reaches the foredune, and therefore the foredune size is directly related to it. Higher total water
level with a 10-year return period leads to a foredune located further from the shoreline and at a higher altitude
(higher toe level asmentioned above). Consequently the beach iswider and the presence ofmoisture is expected
to be lower. This wider and dryer beach allows the aeolian sediment transport to approximate to its maximum
value, increasing its potential to build a bigger foredune. Data confirmed that the total water level with a 10-
year return period and the foredune volume are exponentially related. The correlations found show that
foredune steady-state size is related to both aeolian sediment drift potential and marine dynamics. Based on
these results, a long-term conceptual model is proposed to explain the different morphological characteristics
of the steady-state shape of foredunes as a function of the joint action of marine and wind dynamics. Keywords: Foredune | Long-term morphological state | Aeolian dynamic | Marine dynamic | Dune conceptual model | Coastal dune |
مقاله انگلیسی |
4 |
Mobile phone network data reveal nationwide economic value of coastal tourism under climate change
ارزش اقتصادی داده های شبکه تلفن همراه در سراسر جهان از گردشگری ساحلی در اثر تغییر آب و هوا-2020 The technology-driven application of big data is expected to assist policymaking towards sustainable development;
however, the relevant literature has not addressed human welfare under climate change, which limits the
understanding of climate change impacts on human societies. We present the first application of unique mobile
phone network data to evaluate the current nation-wide human welfare of coastal tourism at Japanese beaches
and project the value change using the four climate change scenarios. The results show that the projected national
economic value loss rates are more significant than the projected national physical beach loss rates. Our
findings demonstrate regional differences in recreational values: most southern beaches with larger current
values would disappear, while the current small values of the northern beaches would remain. These changes
imply that the ranks of the beaches, based on economic values, would enable policymakers to discuss management
priorities under climate change. Keywords: Adaptation | Beach recreation | Big data | Climate change | Coastal tourism | Ecosystem services | Travel cost method | Sea level rise |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Non-market valuation of beach quality: Using spatial hedonic price modeling in Hilton Head Island, SC
ارزیابی غیر بازاری از کیفیت ساحل: استفاده از مدل سازی قیمت هیدونیک فضایی در جزیره هیلتون SC-2020 Climate change has been impacting beach quality negatively for years. The gradual increase in sea level has been
slowly diminishing the Atlantic coastline by eroding beaches and worsening coastal flooding. Narrowing beach
width, one of the most important attributes of beach quality, has been a major concern for policy makers, local
residents and visitors as lower beach quality has environmental and economic consequences. Filling the beaches
with sand under beach replenishment projects has been widely used to treat this problem. The purpose of this
paper is to estimate the economic value of beach width using the past residential property prices in Hilton Head
Island, SC. Spatial error hedonic price method was adopted to account for spatial dependency among error terms.
The results of this study show that beach width has significant influence on the values of neighboring properties
that are located within 633 feet of the shoreline. An additional foot of beach width would add as much as $3,012
to the value of an oceanfront residential property. Without an accurate estimation of the economic value of beach
width, cost-benefit analyses of beach nourishment and other shoreline management projects would be
incomplete. Keywords: Hedonic price method | Beach width | Beach replenishment | Beach nourishment | Spatial error model |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Is Blue Flag certification a means of destination competitiveness? A Canadian context
آیا صدور گواهینامه پرچم آبی وسیله ای برای رقابت مقصد است؟ زمینه کانادایی-2020 As competition increases, so does the need for a destination to differentiate itself. Blue Flag, a voluntary environmental
certification, has been described as an effective marketing tool to communicate nature-based management
to consumers. Does certification, however, influence the consumer’s choice when choosing a
destination? This study examined consumer’s satisfaction of beach characteristics and tourist preferences for
beach selection through subjective indicators of destination competitiveness. Findings show that knowledge of
Blue Flag certification increased the importance that beachgoers placed on selecting future destinations, as well
as higher levels of overall satisfaction, satisfaction with water quality, water cleanliness and beach cleanliness.
These results suggest that beach certification is a signal of indirect competitiveness. As such, tourism agencies
may be able to deploy the results of this research to support their decision to utilize certifications as a means of
differentiation, as well as being a strategy through which to educate the beachgoers of their role in protecting
and maintaining the beach for current and future generations. Keywords: Destination competitiveness | Blue flag | Sustainability | Certification | Beaches | Canada | Destination choice |
مقاله انگلیسی |
7 |
Evaluating erosion management strategies in Waikiki, Hawaii
ارزیابی استراتژی های مدیریت فرسایش در Waikiki ، هاوایی-2020 Waikiki is an internationally recognized tourist destination and a major source of economic activity in Hawaii.
Erosion is a constant threat to Waikiki’s beaches and coastal properties. This applied study presents an assessment
and comparison of three erosion management approaches – beach nourishment, armoring and managed
retreat – in the context of Waikiki. A geographic information system (GIS) is used to project erosion rates to 2050
and 2100, while approximating effects of sea level rise (SLR). The spatial extent of erosion and costs of each
management approach are estimated. Suitability of each approach is evaluated based on management impacts to
economy, environment, recreation, storm protection, and resources. This framework provides a comparative
analysis that can be replicated in similar settings. The findings indicate that nourishment may be a beneficial and
economical approach to manage erosion in this densely developed, economically significant beach setting.
Nourishment costs are on the same order of magnitude as armoring, while retreat costs are an order of magnitude
higher. The larger indirect impacts and economic losses associated with armoring (beach loss) and retreat
(property loss) make nourishment the least impactful option for addressing erosion in Waikiki. As the projections
and understanding of climate change impacts improve, solutions may evolve. Nourishment may provide a noregrets,
suitable approach for managing erosion in Waikiki until other solutions emerge. This paper presents
opportunities and implications of nourishment for planning and future research in Waikiki. Keywords: Coastal erosion | Erosion management | Coastal planning | Sea level rise |
مقاله انگلیسی |
8 |
DNA backlog reduction strategy: Law enforcement agency partnerships for a successful biological screening laboratory
استراتژی کاهش عقب مانده DNA: همکاری آژانس اجرای قانون برای یک آزمایشگاه غربالگری بیولوژیکی موفق-2020 In 2009, the Palm Beach County Sheriff’s Office Forensic Biology Unit developed an innovative DNA
backlog strategy to construct and operate a centralized biological processing laboratory (BPL) within a
law enforcement agency, the Boca Raton Police Services Department. The BPL became fully operational in
2012 and obtained accreditation in 2017. This coordinated, multi-agency agreement resulted in a
streamlined process exemplifying several benefits such as communicating timely testing results,
decreasing the case turnaround time, and decreasing the DNA case backlog. This paper provides a
summary of the necessary considerations of location, construction, personnel, and services when constructing
a BPL, as well as, provides a comparison of initial completion dates and ultimate completion
dates over a three-year period from 2016 to 2018. Three LEAs submitted 613 cases to the BPL
commensurate with jurisdictional population. Performance metrics such as types and number of criminal
cases screened; the number of samples forwarded for PBSO DNA testing; the turnaround time to
handle, screen, or analyze a forensic sample; evidentiary samples; and the number of profiles entered
into the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) database are reported. For example, prior to this DNA
backlog reduction strategy, the FBU was taking an average of 153 days to handle, screen, or analyze a
forensic sample from submission to final report and there was a backlog of 679 cases. From 2016 to 2018,
the total average turnaround time for BPL decreased from 30.5 to 19.6 days, (35.8% decrease); and the
FBU Request turnaround time decreased from 153 to 80 days (35% decrease). Monitoring laboratory
metrics demonstrate the efficacy of the DNA backlog reduction strategy.
There are several takeaway lessons from this experience, including (1) engaging legal counsel early to
outline necessary legal procedures and the timeline; (2) bringing all stakeholders “to the table” early to
discuss expectations, as well as legal and operational responsibilities; and (3) creating a realistic timeline
as well as establishing a comprehensive memorandum of understanding by which all parties understand
their roles and responsibilities. Understanding laboratory and non-laboratory policy issues is critical to
implementation success and the efficacy of a BPL as a DNA backlog reduction strategy. Keywords: Forensics | Biology | Law enforcement | Evidence | Serology | DNA |
مقاله انگلیسی |
9 |
Exploring connections among the multiple outputs and outcomes emerging from 25 years of sea turtle conservation in Northern Cyprus
بررسی اتصالات بین خروجی متعدد و نتایج حاصل از 25 سال از حفاظت از لاک پشت های دریایی در قبرس شمالی-2020 Monitoring and evaluation is an essential stage of conservation implementation, offering a wide variety of
benefits including the ability to engage in informed adaptive management. Understanding the relationship
among actions, outputs, and outcomes can inform on factors acting to facilitate or hinder conservation success.
Assessing these relationships is particularly important for projects with both social and ecological objectives
given that they likely operate through a more complex theory of change. Performance measurement studies that
assess both ecological and social variables can offer an informative and cost-effective evaluation method for such
projects, but simultaneous social-ecological evaluation is rarely implemented. Using the case study of the Marine
Turtle Conservation Project in North Cyprus, we aimed to demonstrate how social-ecological performance
measure protocols can aid sea turtle conservation efforts in adaptive management through informing on connections
among project actions, outputs, and outcomes. Our study employed a mixed-methods performance
measurement approach integrating three distinct data sources: 31 project publications, the project’s long-term
dataset on sea turtle ecology, and 26 semi-structured interviews with key informants including residents, fishermen,
local business owners, and project staff. The results indicated that the project has generated a wide range
of social, economic, and ecological outcomes. Two primary connections among social and ecological factors
emerged: 1) bridging the research-implementation gap through directing research into policy action and 2)
enhanced operational capacity and achievement of ecological outcomes through extensively engaging with the
community and generating local economic benefits. Insufficient government enforcement and a lack of widespread
behavioural change on turtle nesting beaches were primary barriers. This study highlights the benefits of
multi-disciplinary conservation and demonstrates the insight that can be gained from rapid, social-ecological
performance measurement approaches. Channelling such information back into conservation through adaptive
management can serve to both increase the achievement of ecological goals and improve human wellbeing. Keywords: Caretta caretta | Chelonia mydas | conservation outcomes | monitoring and evaluation | performance measurement | theory of change |
مقاله انگلیسی |
10 |
Anthropogenic Marine Debris assessment with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle imagery and deep learning: A case study along the beaches of the Republic of Maldives
ارزیابی بقایای دریایی آنتروپوژنیک با تصاویر بدون سرنشین هوایی و یادگیری عمیق: مطالعه موردی در سواحل جمهوری مالدیو-2019 Anthropogenic Marine Debris (AMD) is one of the major environmental issues of our planet to date, and plastic
accounts for 80% of total AMD. Beaches represent one of themainmarine compartmentwhere AMD accumulates,
but few and scattered regional assessments are available from literature reporting quantitative estimation of
AMD distributed on the shorelines. However, accessing information on the AMD accumulation rate on beaches,
and the associated spatiotemporal oscillations, would be crucial to refining global estimation on the dispersal
mechanisms.
In our work, we address this issue by proposing an ad-hocmethodology formonitoring and automatically quantifying
AMD, based on the combined use of a commercial Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) (equipped with an
RGB high-resolution camera) and a deep-learning based software (i.e.: PlasticFinder). Remote areas were monitored
by UAV and were inspected by operators on the ground to check and to categorise all AMD dispersed on
the beach. The high-resolution images obtained from UAV allowed to visually detect a percentage of the objects
on the shores higher than 87.8%, thus providing suitable images to populate training and testing datasets, aswell
as gold standards to evaluate the software performance. PlasticFinder reached a Sensitivity of 67%,with a Positive
Predictive Value of 94%, in the automatic detection of AMD, but a limitation was found, due to reduced sunlightconditions, thus restricting to the use of the software in its present version. We, therefore, confirmed the efficiency
of commercial UAVs as tools for AMD monitoring and demonstrated - for the first time - the potential
of deep learning for the automatic detection and quantification of AMD. Keywords: Anthropogenic Marine-Debris | Unmanned Aerial Vehicles | Machine learning | Deep learning algorithms | Maldives | Beach |
مقاله انگلیسی |