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Efficacy and safety of oral and inhalation commercial beta-glucan products: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials
اثربخشی و ایمنی محصولات بتا گلوکان تجاری و خوراکی استنشاق: مرور سیستماتیک کارآزمایی کنترل شده تصادفی-2020 Background & aims: Beta-glucans are advertised as biologically active compounds, with various health
claims.We aimed to summarize results about efficacy and safety of commercial oral and inhalation betaglucan
products on human health from randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
Methods: We conducted systematic review of RCTs. We searched MEDLINE, CENTRAL and ClinicalTrials.
gov. Any commercial product, any types of participants and any health-related outcomes were eligible.
Two authors independently screened studies and extracted data. Cochrane risk of bias tool was used. This
review did not have any extramural funding. Registration: PROSPERO record no. 42016043539.
Results: We included 30 RCTs that were conducted on healthy or ill participants. Most of the trials reported
beneficial effect of beta-glucan, but among the 105 different outcome domains and measures that
were used, only three could be considered clinically relevant, while others were various biomarkers and
surrogate outcomes such as complete blood count. Included studies on average had 33 participants per
study arm, high or unclear risk of bias of at least one domain, and only half of them reported data for
safety. More than half of trials that reported source of funding indicated commercial sponsorship from
producers of beta-glucan. Only five RCTs reported trial registration.
Conclusions: Commercial beta-glucan products were studied in a number of RCTs whose results can be
considered only as preliminary, as they used small number of participants and surrogate outcomes. The
quality of many studies was poor and further research and trials on bigger population should be performed
before a final conclusion can be made. Keywords: Beta-glucan | Systematic review | Evidence | Randomized controlled trial | Research waste |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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The transnational Sowa Rigpa industry in Asia: New perspectives on an emerging economy
صنعت فراملی Sowa Rigpa در آسیا: چشم اندازهای جدید در مورد اقتصاد نوظهور-2020 This article advances the hypothesis that “traditional” Asian pharmaceutical industries are rapidly growing in
size and prominence in contemporary Asia, and identifies a lack of empirical data on the phenomenon.
Addressing this gap, the article provides a quantitative outline and analysis of the Sowa Rigpa (Tibetan,
Mongolian and Himalayan medicine) pharmaceutical industry in China, India, Mongolia and Bhutan. Using
original data gathered through multi-sited ethnographic and textual research between 2014 and 2019, involving
232 industry representatives, policy makers, researchers, pharmacists and physicians, it assembles a bigger
picture on this industrys structure, size and dynamics.
Revealing a tenfold growth of the Sowa Rigpa pharmaceutical industry in Asia between 2000 and 2017, the
study supports its initial hypothesis. In 2017, the industry had a total sales value of 677.5 million USD, and
constituted an important economic and public health resource in Tibetan, Mongolian and Himalayan regions of
Asia. China generates almost 98 percent of the total sales value, which is explained by significant state intervention
on the one hand, and historical and sociocultural reasons on the other. India has the second largest Sowa
Rigpa pharmaceutical industry with an annual sales value of about 11 million USD, while sales values in
Mongolia and Bhutan are very low, despite Sowa Rigpas domestic importance for the two nations.
The article concludes with a number of broader observations emerging from the presented data, arguing that
the Sowa Rigpa pharmaceutical industry has become big enough to exert complex transformative effects on
Tibetan, Mongolian and Himalayan medicine more generally. The quantitative and qualitative data presented
here provide crucial foundations for further scholarly, regulatory, and professional engagement with contemporary
Sowa Rigpa. Keywords: Sowa Rigpa | Tibetan medicine | Pharmaceutical industry | Government policy | China | India | Mongolia | Bhutan |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Explosive, continuous and frustrated synchronization transition in spiking Hodgkin–Huxley neural networks: The role of topology and synaptic interaction
انتقال همزمان ، انفجاری ، مداوم و ناامید کننده در شبکه های عصبی هوچکین-هاکسلی اسپایک: نقش توپولوژی و تعامل سیناپسی-2020 Synchronization is an important collective phenomenon in interacting oscillatory agents. Many functional
features of the brain are related to synchronization of neurons. The type of synchronization
transition that may occur (explosive vs. continuous) has been the focus of intense attention in recent
years, mostly in the context of phase oscillator models for which collective behavior is independent of
the mean-value of natural frequency. However, synchronization properties of biologically-motivated
neural models depend on the firing frequencies. In this study we report a systematic study of gammaband
synchronization in spiking Hodgkin–Huxley neurons which interact via electrical or chemical
synapses. We use various network models in order to define the connectivity matrix. We find that
the underlying mechanisms and types of synchronization transitions in gamma-band differs from
beta-band. In gamma-band, network regularity suppresses transition while randomness promotes a
continuous transition. Heterogeneity in the underlying topology does not lead to any change in the
order of transition, however, correlation between number of synapses and frequency of a neuron will
lead to explosive synchronization in heterogeneous networks with electrical synapses. Furthermore,
small-world networks modeling a fine balance between clustering and randomness (as in the cortex),
lead to explosive synchronization with electrical synapses, but a smooth transition in the case of
chemical synapses. We also find that hierarchical modular networks, such as the connectome, lead
to frustrated transitions. We explain our results based on various properties of the network, paying
particular attention to the competition between clustering and long-range synapses. Keywords: Synchronization | Hodgkin–Huxley neuron | Phase transition | Electrical and chemical synapses | Complex networks |
مقاله انگلیسی |
4 |
The systematic risk estimation models: A different perspective
مدلهای برآورد سیستماتیک سیستماتیک: دیدگاه متفاوت-2020 In practice, the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) using the parametric estimator is almost certainly being used to estimate a firms systematic risk (beta) and cost of equity as in Eq. (1). However, the parametric estimators, even when data is normal, may not yield better performance compared with the non-parametric estimators when outliers existed. This research argued for the non-parametric Bayes estimator to be employed in the CAPM by applying both advance and basic evaluation criteria such as hypotheses/confidence intervals of the AIC/DIC, model variance, fit, and error, alpha, and beta and its standard deviation. Using all the S&P 500 stocks having monthly data from 07/2007–05/2019 (450 stocks) and the Bayesian inference, we showed the non-parametric Bayes estimator yielded less number of zeroed betas and smaller alpha compared with the parametric Bayes estimator. More importantly, this non-parametric Bayes yielded the statistically significantly smaller AIC/DIC, model variance, and beta standard deviation and higher model fit compared with the parametric Bayes estimator. These findings indicate the CAPM using the non-parametric Bayes estimator is superior compared with the parametric Bayes estimator, a contrast of common practice. Hence, the non-parametric estimator is recommended to be employed in asset pricing work. Keywords: Asset pricing | CAPM | Systematic risk | Cost of equity | Bayes estimators | Statistics | Corporate finance | Financial market | International finance | Pricing | Risk management | Business | Economics |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Identifying neuronal correlates of dying and resuscitation in a model of reversible brain anoxia
شناسایی همبستگی های عصبی در حال مرگ و احیا در مدل بی هوشی مغز برگشت پذیر-2020 We developed a new rodent model of reversible brain anoxia and performed continuous electrocorticographic
(ECoG) and intracellular recordings of neocortical neurons to identify in real-time the cellular and network
dynamics that successively emerge throughout the dying-to-recovery process. Along with a global decrease in
ECoG amplitude, deprivation of oxygen supply resulted in an early surge of beta-gamma activities, accompanied
by rhythmic membrane depolarizations and regular firing in pyramidal neurons. ECoG and intracellular signals
were then dominated by low-frequency activities which progressively declined towards isoelectric levels.
Cortical neurons during the isoelectric state underwent a massive membrane potential depolarizing shift, captured
in the ECoG as a large amplitude triphasic wave known as the “wave-of-death” (WoD). This neuronal
anoxic depolarization, associated with a block of action potentials and a loss of cell integrative properties, could
however be reversed if brain re-oxygenation was rapidly restored (within 2–3.5 min). The subsequent slow
repolarization of neocortical neurons resulted in a second identifiable ECoG wave we termed “wave-of-resuscitation”
since it inaugurated the progressive regaining of pre-anoxic synaptic and firing activities. These
results demonstrate that the WoD is not a biomarker of an irremediable death and unveil the cellular correlates
of a novel ECoG wave that may be predictive of a successful recovery. The identification of real-time biomarkers
of onset and termination of cell anoxic insult could benefit research on interventional strategies to optimize
resuscitation procedures. Keywords: Brain anoxia | Dying | Resuscitation | Near-death experience | Neocortex | Neuronal excitability |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Is estimating the Capital Asset Pricing Model using monthly and short-horizon data a good choice?
آیا تخمین مدل قیمت گذاری دارایی سرمایه با استفاده از داده های ماهانه و افق کوتاه انتخاب خوبی است؟-2020 This research argued for estimating the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) using daily and medium-horizon data over monthly and short horizon-data. Using a Gibbs sample, the Bayesian framework via both parametric and non-parametric Bayes estimators, confidence interval approach, and six data sets (two daily, two weekly, and two monthly data) from a sample of 150 randomly selected S&P 500 stocks from 2007 – 2019, the empirical results showed that the CAPM using daily data yielded a statistically significant higher model fit and smaller Beta standard deviation, model error, and Alpha compared with monthly data. The CAPM using medium-horizon data yielded a statistically significant higher model fit, smaller Beta standard deviation and Alpha, and much less zeroed Betas compared with short-horizon data. These findings show 1) daily data is more reliable and efficient, has higher forecasting power, and fits better with the assumption of market efficiency compared with monthly data. 2) Medium-horizon data is more reliable and efficient, has more explanatory power, and fits better with the assumption of market efficiency compared with monthly data. Therefore, these findings challenge the common practices of using monthly (quarterly/annually) and short-horizon data among the practitioners and researchers in asset pricing work. Keywords: Asset pricing | Bayes estimators | CAPM | Monthly data | Short-horizon data | Statistics | Economics | Finance | Accounting | Pricing | Macroeconomics | Econometrics | Business | Risk management |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Intranasal oxytocin enhances EEG mu rhythm desynchronization during execution and observation of social action: An exploratory study
اکسی توسین داخل رحمی باعث می شود که EEG mu رطوبت زدایی در حین اجرا و مشاهده اقدامات اجتماعی تقویت شود: یک مطالعه اکتشافی-2020 Intranasal administration of oxytocin (OT) has been found to facilitate prosocial behaviors, emotion recognition
and cooperation between individuals. Recent electroencephalography (EEG) investigations have reported enhanced
mu rhythm (alpha: 8–13 Hz; beta: 15–25 Hz) desynchronization during the observation of biological
motion and stimuli probing social synchrony after the administration of intranasal OT. This hormone may
therefore target a network of cortical circuits involved in higher cognitive functions, including the mirror neuron
system (MNS). Here, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, between-subjects exploratory study, we investigated
whether intranasal OT modulates the cortical activity from sensorimotor areas during the observation and the
execution of social and non-social grasping actions. Participants underwent EEG testing after receiving a single
dose (24 IU) of either intranasal OT or placebo. Results revealed an enhancement of alpha - but not beta -
desynchronization during observation and execution of social grasps, especially over central and parietal electrodes,
in participants who received OT (OT group). No differences between the social and non-social condition
were found in the control group (CTRL group). Moreover, we found a significant difference over the cortical
central-parietal region between the OT and CTRL group only within the social condition. These results suggest a
possible action of intranasal OT on sensorimotor circuits involved in social perception and action understanding,
which might contribute to facilitate the prosocial effects typically reported by behavioral studies. Keywords: Oxytocin | ERD | Mirror neuron system | Grasping actions | Electroencephalogram |
مقاله انگلیسی |
8 |
Integrated project delivery with blockchain: An automated financial system
تحویل یکپارچه پروژه با بلاکچین : یک سیستم مالی خودکار-2020 Integrated project delivery (IPD) in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry relies on risk/
reward sharing and deferral of parties profit payments until all project activities are completed. A decentralised,
automated and secured financial platform is needed to enable all parties to control and track financial transactions,
with no unauthorised changes allowed. The new technology, blockchain, enables data to be recorded,
has no network participant with dominant power and manages data using specific functions, in line with smart
contracts. The present study is the first to develop a framework proposing blockchain technology utilisation in
IPD projects. The framework would enable core project team members to automatically execute all financial
transactions, through coding the three main transactions of IPD projects: reimbursed costs, profit and cost
saving, as functions of the IPD smart contract. To demonstrate the proposed frameworks applicability, a “proof
of concept” is developed and validated through an IPD case project. The practicality of the built-up hyperledger
network (IBM® Blockchain Cloud Beta 2) and the advantages of the proposed smart contract functions are
examined. The user-friendliness of the proposed financial system and its efficiency in automating all transactions
are demonstrated. No deficiency is found in the blockchain network components. The studys findings, applied in
a favourable external context, would facilitate IPD adoption and use across the AEC industry by providing a
workable solution to existing financial barriers. The findings extend the horizon for further research on exploring
blockchains capabilities to solve comparable deficiencies to those affecting the AEC industry. Keywords: Distributed ledger technology (DLT) | Smart contract | Hyperledger fabric | Building Information Modelling (BIM) | Alliancing | 5D BIM | Financial transactions |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Investigation of direct and indirect transfer of microbiomes between individuals
بررسی انتقال مستقیم و غیرمستقیم میکروبیومها بین افراد-2020 The human microbiome encompasses the fungi, bacteria and viruses that live on, within, and immediately
surrounding the body. Microbiomes have potential utility in forensic science as an evidentiary tool to link or
exclude persons of interest associated with criminal activities. Research has shown the microbiome is individualised,
and that personal microbial signatures can be recovered from surfaces such as phones, shoes and
fabrics. Before the human microbiome may be used as an investigative tool, further research is required to
investigate the utility and potential limitations surrounding microbial profiling. This includes the detectability of
microbial transfer between individuals or items, the associated risks (such as contamination events) and the
applicability of microbial profiling for forensic purposes.
This research aimed to identify whether an individual’s distinguishable microbiome could be transferred to
another individual and onto substrates, and vice versa. Paper, cotton, and glass surfaces were chosen to represent
a range of substrate matrices. The study involved six participants placed into three pairs; participants took part
in two modes of transfer. Transfer Mode 1 involved the pair shaking hands, followed by rubbing a substrate in
their right hand. Transfer Mode 2 involved individuals rubbing a substrate in their left hand, swapping substrates
with their partner and then rubbing the swapped substrate in their left hand. 16S rRNA sequencing was performed
on the extracted microbial DNA from participant and substrate samples. Quantitative Insights into
Microbial Ecology 2 (QIIME 2) was used for sequence quality control and beta (between-sample) diversity
analyses and taxonomic assignment.
Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) based on Jaccard distances was visualised through Emperor software to
determine the phylogenetic similarity of bacterial communities between participants and among participant
pairs. Statistical testing through PERMANOVA revealed significant differences in the Jaccard distances between
each participant pair (P < 0.001), highlighting not only the potential distinguishability of skin microbiomes
among individuals, but also the clustering effect observed between participant pairs due to the potential transfer
of hand-associated microbiomes between individuals. The study demonstrated that transfer of the human skin
microbiome had occurred between all participant pairs, regardless of substrate type or mode of transfer. Keywords: Forensic | Skin microbiome | Transfer | Microbial profiling | Crime scene |
مقاله انگلیسی |
10 |
Revisiting the value of polysomnographic data in insomnia: more than meets the eye
بازنگری ارزش داده سندرم آپنه در بی خوابی: بیش از ملاقات چشم-2020 Background: Polysomnography (PSG) is not recommended as a diagnostic tool in insomnia. However,
this consensual approach might be tempered in the light of two ongoing transformations in sleep
research: big data and artificial intelligence (AI).
Method: We analyzed the PSG of 347 patients with chronic insomnia, including 59 with Sleep State
Misperception (SSM) and 288 without (INS). 89 good sleepers (GS) were used as controls. PSGs were
compared regarding: (1) macroscopic indexes derived from the hypnogram, (2) mesoscopic indexes
extracted from the electroencephalographic (EEG) spectrum, (3) sleep microstructure (slow waves,
spindles). We used supervised algorithms to differentiate patients from GS.
Results: Macroscopic features illustrate the insomnia conundrum, with SSM patients displaying similar
sleep metrics as GS, whereas INS patients show a deteriorated sleep. However, both SSM and INS patients
showed marked differences in EEG spectral components (meso) compared to GS, with reduced power in
the delta band and increased power in the theta/alpha, sigma and beta bands. INS and SSM patients
showed decreased spectral slope in NREM. INS and SSM patients also differed from GS in sleep microstructure
with fewer and slower slow waves and more and faster sleep spindles. Importantly, SSM and
INS patients were almost indistinguishable at the meso and micro levels. Accordingly, unsupervised
classifiers can reliably categorize insomnia patients and GS (Cohens k ¼ 0.87) but fail to tease apart SSM
and INS patients when restricting classifiers to micro and meso features (k¼0.004).
Conclusion: AI analyses of PSG recordings can help moving insomnia diagnosis beyond subjective
complaints and shed light on the physiological substrate of insomnia. Keywords: Artificial intelligence | Machine learning | Insomnia | Polysomnography | REM | NREM sleep |
مقاله انگلیسی |