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21 |
Testing an ex-ante framework for the evaluation of impact assessment laws: Lessons from Canada and Brazil
آزمایش یک چارچوب پیشین برای ارزیابی تاثیر قوانین : درسهایی از کانادا و برزیل-2020 Scholars have been increasingly investigating legislative changes in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).
However, most of the existing evaluation frameworks have been applied to ex-post scenarios, after EIA laws and
respective policies and regulations had been implemented for some time. This article has a twofold objective:
first, to propose an ex-ante framework for the evaluation of proposed EIA laws and, second, to test the application
of the framework to bills C-69 and PL-3729, which target federal-level EIA reform in Canada and Brazil,
respectively. The proposed framework is meant to indicate the extent to which proposed legislative changes
meet 50 good practice criteria, thus providing a more balanced and transparent account of the issues that should
be addressed effectively in the legislative process and in future regulations and guidelines. Results indicate very
contrasting scope and potential effects of proposed legislative changes in the two countries. Brazils bill is essentially
intended to integrate existing regulations into a law that would make EIA faster, simpler and less
frequent. Canadas bill, recently approved by Parliament, includes a new Impact Assessment Act that is expected to
deliver more comprehensive and credible assessments. The ex-ante framework, by exposing how close or distant
proposed EIA regimes are from good practices, can be particularly helpful in lawmaking and regulatory design.
The article finally discusses limitations and highlights future avenues of research. Keywords: Environmental impact assessment (EIA) | Policy change | Lawmaking | Evaluation framework | Brazil | Canada |
مقاله انگلیسی |
22 |
Economic analysis of a shared municipal solid waste management facility in a metropolitan region
تجزیه و تحلیل اقتصادی از یک مرکز مدیریت زباله جامد شهری در یک منطقه شهری-2020 Municipal solid waste (MSW) management in dense urban areas is a challenge for municipalities, especially
in developing countries, which commonly have deficient waste management. For example, the
metropolitan region of Goiás State, Brazil, has 19 municipalities that dispose of about 72.5% of total
MSW in unlicensed MSW final disposal facilities. Therefore, this study analysed the investment and operating
costs, and revenues of a municipal solid waste management facility, projected for 20 years, shared
among these 19 municipalities. The economic viability analysis, has shown that, regardless of the management
facility type, MSW collection and transport are the most expensive cost components, accounting
for about 60% of MSW management operating costs. For an Internal Rate of Return of 0%, anaerobic digestion
is 11% more expensive (in total) than using community composting. For 2040 (last year), the monthly
MSW management tariffs will vary between 3.5 and 10.8 R$inhabitant1month1, depending on the
municipality. So, as the unit price of biowaste treatments lowers with waste quantities, for the municipalities
with large biowaste quantities, anaerobic digestion becomes recommended for its economic
attractiveness. This study can serve as a model for other municipalities in Brazil and elsewhere, helping
public decision makers to establish a strategy for MSW management. Keywords: Economic analysis | Municipal solid waste (MSW) | Shared management | Tariff | Brazil |
مقاله انگلیسی |
23 |
A municipal solid waste indicator for environmental impact: Assessment and identification of best management practices
شاخص ضایعات جامد شهری برای اثرات زیست محیطی : ارزیابی و شناسایی بهترین شیوه های مدیریت-2020 The objective of this study was to develop an aggregate indicator to assess the environmental impact of
municipal solid waste management in the small municipalities of the state of S~ao Paulo, Brazil. Additionally,
the study aimed at creating a classification of the municipalities considered to identify the best
management practices. The study consisted of five phases: Phase 1: Selection of municipalities; Phase 2:
Data collection (inputs); Phase 3: Use of the Waste Reduction Model; Phase 4: Analysis of results
(outputs) and; Phase 5: Construction of the aggregate indicator and comparison between municipalities
to analyze management practices. The results showed that the average waste generation was 223.89 kg
(inhabitant1 year1), the average carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions was 0.166 tons (inhabitant
1 year1), the average amount of energy savings was 51.37 kWh (inhabitant1 year1) and that
most municipalities had suitable final waste destinations. After developing the aggregate indicator,
which was a geometric mean of the normalized indicators for waste generation, emissions of CO2e,
energy consumption and quality of final destination, the municipalities were ranked. Among the ten
best-ranked municipalities, six of them disposed of the waste in municipal landfills, and four, in private
landfills. Only one municipality is part of a consortium, while seven of them have institutionalized selective
collection. One of the critical points for good indicators is the presence of waste pickers. For
further improvements in the management of these municipalities, it is suggested that practices involving
recycling and the integration of waste pickers with proper technical training are developed and
implemented further. It is also recommended fostering greater social inclusion and integrated participation
in the management of municipal solid waste. The aggregate indicator developed was regarded as
appropriate to assess the environmental impact of municipalities and to classify them, allowing the
identification of the best management practices. Keywords: Indicators | Strategic waste management | Environmental analysis | Carbon dioxide equivalent |
مقاله انگلیسی |
24 |
The pioneer market for forest law compliance in Paragominas, Eastern Brazilian Amazon
بازار پیشگام برای پیروی از قانون جنگل ها در پاراگومیناس ، آمازون شرقی برزیل-2020 This paper explores farmers’ motivations to participate in a market mechanism to come into compliance with the
forest laws in Brazil. As of July 2008, farmers with deforestation beyond what is legally permitted can choose
between compensating for illegal deforestation at another property or restoring this environmental debt in situ.
The study analyzes the first real case of such a compensation market in the Amazonia, started in 2014 in the
municipality of Paragominas, Pará. I explore the main features of the Paragominas compensation market in order
to understand why farmers with forest deficits would opt for such a mechanism. In particular, the main question
explored in this study is: what economic and environmental factors influence the choice to compensate rather
than restore in properties with a legal reserve deficit in Paragominas? Results show that an increase in the
percentage of illegal deforestation that occurred up to 2008 on a property is associated with an increase in the
predicted probability of choosing compensation, when keeping agriculture as a land use, the property size, and
the number of land uses in the property unchanged. The study also reveals that farmers with forest deficits may
prefer to buy a forest area instead of renting for compensation if they have enough capital to invest. Keywords: Brazilian amazon | Forest Code | Environmental law compliance | Paragominas | Pará State |
مقاله انگلیسی |
25 |
The commons: A model for understanding collective action and entrepreneurship in communities
عوام: الگویی برای درک کنش جمعی و کارآفرینی در جوامع-2020 The creation of commons—resources that are shared, accessible, and collectively owned and
managed by communities—is increasingly being adopted by social entrepreneurs as a way of
contributing to community development and putting value into economic activities. Yet, little
research is evident related to the entrepreneurial processes involved in the creation and commercialization of these shared resources. Drawing on the Institutional Analysis and Development
framework developed by Ostrom (2005), I explain how commons are entrepreneurially created.
Based on a comparative study of five community banks in Brazil, I derive two ideological principles of collective entrepreneurship that help sustain commercialization of commons without
commodification, namely ‘self-organization’ and ‘right to access’. I elucidate how these principles
are enacted across venture levels through downward and upward mechanisms of social control
facilitated by entrepreneurs who enhance collective action. This article contributes to the entrepreneurship theory of commons by explaining how commons are entrepreneurially created
and by adding the collective entrepreneurship principles and mechanisms that commons of
different types need in order to achieve and sustain wealth-creation options without incurring the
downsides of commodification.
Keywords: Commons | Decommodification | Community enterprise | Institutional Analysis and Development | framework | Microfinance | Brazil |
مقاله انگلیسی |
26 |
A customized transition towards smart homes: A fast framework for economic analyses
خانه های هوشمندبه سمت انتقال سفارشی : یک چارچوب سریع برای تحلیل های اقتصادی-2020 Smart homes allow optimized energy usage, allowing households to reduce electricity bills or even make profits.
By 2020, 20% of all households in Europe will be expected to become smart homes. Although smart homes seem
to be the future for homes, many customers have the perception that a transition from current homes to smart
ones is unprofitable. Adopting a smart home concept requires investments for which the households desire a
positive return. A question in this context is the following: for a given household, when and/or what set of home
appliances/technologies should be acquired so that the investment made by householder has a positive financial
return? The available tool to answer that question can be time-consuming from a practical perspective. Based on
our previous work, this paper proposes a framework to help the transition from current houses to smart homes
considering customized electricity usage and economic measures. A tree algorithm is developed to decrease the
time needed by an economic analysis of each possible acquisition combination of smart appliances or equipment
for a given user. The proposed framework is tested on 40 cases covering all Brazilian capital cities, whose results
are available online and may be used directly as an approximation for economic analyses. An example of one
case is described in detail. Results show that the proposed tree algorithm is able to reduce days of CPU time to
solve the problem and Net Present Value should be used as an economic measure to answer the aforementioned
question. Keywords: Smart home | Economic analysis | Energy management system | Interior point | Optimization |
مقاله انگلیسی |
27 |
The contribution of DNA databases for stored sexual crimes evidences in the central of Brazil
سهم بانک های اطلاعاتی DNA برای شواهد جنایات جنسی ذخیره شده در مرکز برزیل-2020 Accumulation of sexual assault evidences unsubmitted to forensic DNA testing raises concern and it favors low
rates of sexual crimes resolution. However, with the advent of DNA databases, these evidences have provided
valuable information for investigations. In Brazil, the use of DNA databases is recent and few studies assessed
their contribution to criminal resolution. In this regard, this study aimed to evaluate the potential of the DNA
Database of Goias State, Central Brazil (BPG-SPTC/GO) in the resolution of sexual crimes without suspects
through the insertion of profiles obtained from stored untested evidences collected between 2004 and 2018.
Samples were submitted to DNA extraction by differential lysis, followed by the amplification of STR autosomal
markers, capillary electrophoresis analysis in the ABI 3500 genetic analyzer and insertion in the BPG-SPTC/GO
using CODIS 7 software. The rate of eligible samples for insertion and rates related to the obtained matches were
evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed with Epi Info ™ v.7 and BioEstat 5.0 software. A total of 275
samples were submitted to DNA testing, 202 out of them (73.5%) presented eligible profiles for insertion. A total
of 176 (64%; 176/202) were inserted, one crime scene profile from each case. Overall, 60 hits were generated,
all series sexual matches; a higher prevalence of forensic hits was detected (81.7%; 49/60) and a total of 32
criminal investigations were assisted (18.2%; 32/176). As the use of DNA databases in Brazil is recent and
Brazilian criminal law has stringent requirements, our results reinforce that the use of DNA databases for stored
sexual crimes evidences is a feasible forensic tool and that the increasing of the number of both types of profiles
in DNA databases, evidences and criminals, causes positive reflects on the number of matches generated.
However, further studies are necessary to evaluate if this effectiveness reflects positively on conviction rates of
sexual crimes. Keywords: DNA database | Sexual assault | Forensic genetics | Untested evidence | Crime resolution |
مقاله انگلیسی |
28 |
Estimating construction waste generation in residential buildings: A fuzzy set theory approach in the Brazilian Amazon
تخمین تولید زباله ساخت و ساز در ساختمانهای مسکونی: یک رویکرد تئوری مجموعه فازی در آمازون برزیل-2020 The estimate of construction waste generation is the key decision-making information for policy-makers,
construction managers, and the like to devise informed waste management strategies. However, estimating
construction waste generated from projects is particularly onerous, as numerous factors related
to design, site, and construction are largely in a fuzzy nature when the estimating job is conducted. Built
upon previous studies, this paper seeks to develop a model that can be used to estimate construction
waste generation based on fuzzy set theory. It follows a trilogy of methodology, including model
development, sensitivity analysis, and model validation. A set of IF-THEN rules are developed based on
two independent variables, built area and number of floors. A sensitive analysis was conducted to
evaluate the influence of the independent variables on waste generation. The model is further calibrated
and verified through a case study of 23 residential buildings constructed in the Brazilian Amazon. The
model obtained an accuracy of 64.29% in the development phase and 66.67% in the validation phase,
showing that the results are largely acceptable. By using this model, it is possible for a waste manager to
draw up a baseline graph to indicate the volume of construction waste generation as his/her building
project as it progresses. The research is also of novelty by using fuzzy set theory to deal with the fuzzy
nature of waste generation in construction projects. Further studies are recommended to enhance the
accuracy level of the model by engaging more factors and more quality data. Keywords: Construction waste | Building | Waste quantification | Fuzzy set theory | Brazil |
مقاله انگلیسی |
29 |
Assessing the Brazilian federal fisheries law and policy in light of the Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-scale fisheries
ارزیابی قانون و سیاست شیلات فدرال برزیل با توجه به رهنمودهای داوطلبانه برای تأمین شیلات پایدار در مقیاس کوچک-2020 The Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-scale Fisheries (SSF Guidelines) endorsed in June 2014
by the member States of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) was a landmark for
the recognition, promotion and protection of the subsistence and artisanal small-scale fisheries (SSF) sector in the
world. This instrument is part of contemporary International Fisheries Law, integrating management and
development of fisheries with a range of other relevant matters such as human rights, gender and climate change,
following a human rights-based approach (HRBA) and taking into account the ecosystem approach to fisheries
(EAF). In this context and with a view to contribute to the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs), this article provides an analysis of the SSF Guidelines and informs on how its’ implementation can be
supported by the Brazilian Federal Law No. 11,959/2009, which provides for the National Policy for the Sustainable
Development of Aquaculture and Fisheries in Brazil. It is seen that certain issues of the SSF Guidelines
are better addressed in other federal legal instruments, which should be read, interpreted and applied in combination
with that legislation. This analysis aimed at assisting legal practitioners and policy-makers in the
implementation of the SSF Guidelines in Brazil. Keywords: International fisheries law | Small-scale fisheries | Human rights-based approach | Ecosystem approach to fisheries | Brazilian fisheries law and policy |
مقاله انگلیسی |
30 |
Clean energy production by PEM fuel cells on tourist ships: A time-dependent analysis
تولید انرژی پاک توسط سلولهای سوختی PEM در کشتی های توریستی: یک تحلیل وابسته به زمان-2020 This manuscript presents a clean energy solution for marine applications, investigating
both the choice of the most promising production and storage technologies and, in a
second step, the best operational management in order to satisfy a ship’s energy demand.
The case study subject of the analysis is a ferry, with a capacity up to 200 people, operating
on the artificial lake of Itaipu hydroelectric plant (on the border between Brazil and
Paraguay). In the framework of new international rules, aimed at clean and sustainable
solutions, in particular in Emission Control Areas, PEM fuel cells are a promising technology
for onboard power generation. In this paper a PEM fuel cell system is investigated in
detail, analyzing the best operative strategy in terms of energy efficiency, CO2 emissions
and costs, in comparison with the state-of-the-art solution for ships (fuel oil ICEs). The
analysis is performed with two dedicated software tools, both developed at the University
of Genoa: the first is a tool modeled to support the preliminary design and the choice of the
most promising solutions for maritime applications; the second is a software program for
thermo-economic analysis of energy systems in time-dependent conditions, aimed at
determination of the best operative strategy, minimizing operative costs.
The proposed approach has general validity thus it can also be applied to different kinds
of ships, even considering different technologies for energy generation and storage. Keywords: Hydrogen | Fuel cells | Marine energy systems | Energy systems management | Pollutants mitigation |
مقاله انگلیسی |