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نتیجه جستجو - Children

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 220
ردیف عنوان نوع
51 Challenges experienced by probation officers working with children in conflict with the law in the Johannesburg Metro Region (South Africa)
چالش های تجربه شده توسط افسران مشروط کار با کودکان در تعارض با قانون در منطقه مترو ژوهانسبورگ (آفریقای جنوبی) -2020
South African legislation has mandated new roles and responsibilities for probation officers working with children in conflict with the law. These children who engage in criminal behaviour have been used or coerced by adults and sometimes by peers. In addition, sometimes the children commit crimes out of their own agency based on rewards gained. The crimes they commit range from petty crime such as begging, vagrancy, substance use to serious offences such as murder, rape and robbery. This was a qualitative study on the experiences of probation officers working with these children. The findings reveal that the environments in which the probation officers work under are often traumatic, lack resources and are few thus impacting efficient delivery of services. In addition, the implementation of the Child Justice Act (CJA) is hampered by abuse of the system by parents/ caregivers and the child offenders. In as much as South Africa has made strides in protecting children in conflict with the law, these challenges should be addressed urgently in order for the successful implementation of the legislation, for children to be better protected and ultimately for safer communities.
Keywords: Probation officers | Children in conflict with the law | Social work | Johannesburg Metro Region, South Africa
مقاله انگلیسی
52 Do inclusive education laws improve primary schooling among children with disabilities?
آیا قوانین آموزش فراگیر ، آموزش ابتدایی را در بین کودکان دارای معلولیت بهبود می بخشد؟-2020
Of the approximately 93 million children with moderate or severe disabilities around the world, large numbers do not have access to quality education. Inclusive education systems have been advocated as a solution to this problem. In this paper, we examine whether legislation to advance inclusive education can increase the likelihood of children with disabilities attending school in a low-income country. Using a difference-in-difference methodology, we find that children with visual, hearing, and physical disabilities, who began school at a time when inclusive education was guaranteed in Uganda, had a significantly higher likelihood of going to school than children with disabilities in comparator countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as children with disabilities in Uganda who became of school age prior to the passage of legislation. However, this was no longer true when considering only the sample of children reported to have no ability to see, hear, or engage in physical activities. While our findings are promising, comparable data on more countries are needed to comprehensively examine the impact of similar legislation across multiple settings.
Keywords: Disability | Inclusive education | Persons with Disabilities Act | Special needs | School participation
مقاله انگلیسی
53 A Healthcare Improvement Initiative to Increase Multidisciplinary Pain Management Referrals for Youth with Sickle Cell Disease
یک ابتکار بهبود بهداشتی برای افزایش مراجعه به درمان های چند رشته ای برای مدیریت درد در جوانان مبتلا به بیماری سلول داسی شکل-2020
Chronic pain is a complex integration of biological, psychological, and social variables. Multidisciplinary pain management experts design interventions that treat the multidimensional experience. Children and adolescents with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at risk for chronic pain. Increased risk is associated with multiple characteristics including sickle cell genotype, age, gender, frequency of hospitalization, duration of hospitalization, and certain comorbid diagnoses. Referral to pain management professionals for this population is often delayed. Aims: To increase multidisciplinary pain management referrals for youth with SCD identified to be at risk for chronic pain. Design: Implementation research. Setting: One pediatric, academic medical facility serving as a regional sickle cell treatment center in the Midwest. Participants: Children greater than 2 years of age and less than 21 years of age with laboratory confirmed SCD. Methods: Implementation of an evidence-based screening tool using the consolidated framework for implementation research (CFIR) to guide project planning, design, and evaluation. The CFIR model was paired with the Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) quality improvement methodology to operationalize workflow and sustain project aims. Results and Conclusions: Eighty-four percent of all eligible patients were screened during their routine sickle cell appointments resulting in a 110% increase in multidisciplinary pain management referrals. Future interventions and PDSA cycles are targeted at improving attendance at scheduled appointments, reducing hospitalizations, decreasing 30-day readmissions, and shortening length of stay. © 2020 American Society for Pain Management Nursing. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
مقاله انگلیسی
54 Evaluation of a therapeutic device for girls victims of sexual violence in South Kivu
ارزیابی یک وسیله درمانی برای دختران قربانی خشونت جنسی در Kivu جنوبی-2020
Objective. – This article evaluates a psychological care program for girls who were victims of sexualviolence in three different villages around Bukavu (DRC).Participants. – Fifty-seven girls under 10 years of age who have suffered sexual violence in three differentvillages around Bukavu and followed by the EPA association (“Enfants de Panzi et d’Ailleurs”) and thePanzi Foundation.Method. – The three samples of children corresponding to the three villages were tested to ensure thatthey were comparable through different variables such as the father’s presence, the age of the victimsand the children’ stigmatization. A series of data about the girls was collected and transformed into 13variables in order to test their influence on the child’s development. Finally, an overall functioning indexwas used to measure the effectiveness of play therapy. This global functioning index concerned five fields:feeling of security, health, cognitive development, family integration and community integration.Results. – The three samples of children were very similar and therefore comparable. No variables werepredictive of the child’s development, once those related to the site and the presence of the father wereexcluded. However, a high-risk group of children in the three regions emerged from the analysis. Play therapy was only totally positive for one site, the most secure of the three. Moreover, a group of high-risk children from all regions of origin was identified in the study and presented some very worryingcharacteristics.Discussion. – The denial of young raped children allows criminals to go unpunished. Travelling in DCR isdifficult for victims because of distance, cost and road insecurity; moreover, the number of victims is high,and it is thus difficult to create individual therapy. Moreover, as the community is an essential symbol, theuse of group therapy, and in particular play therapy, is really appropriate instead of individual therapy.The mother-child relationship should be further investigated and could be an important variable for thehigh-risk group.Conclusion. – There was a context factor related to the particularities of the site as well as an individualor intra-family factor that influences the child’s development. Even if play therapy did not have a directlysignificant effect on children, it helped to combat the stigmatization of these girls. Moreover, play therapymay have an effect on variables other than those considered in this study or may be masked by mediatingvariables. Finally, a group of high-risk children that has been identified in the study presented worryingclinical data and particular features that are of great concern and will require special attention and care.
Keywords:Trauma | Children | Humanitarian | Play therapy program
مقاله انگلیسی
55 Optimism and opioid misuse among justice-involved children
خوش بینی و سوء مصرف مواد مخدر میان کودکان عدالت خواه-2020
Aim: Adolescents in the criminal justice system, called justice-involved children (JIC), are particularly vulnerable in the modern opioid misuse (OM) epidemic. After release, relapse and overdose occur at higher rates than the general population. The current study assesses optimism and likelihood of P30D consumption of non-prescription or illicit opioids among JIC. Methods: The study examines a sample of 79,960 JIC from the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice. Multivariate logistic regression was employed, controlling for gender, race, family income, age, history of mental problems, history of depression, and county of residence. Results: JIC who reported very low optimism on the final screen had over 8 times the odds of meeting criteria for P30D OM compared to those with high optimism while adjusting for covariates. Conclusions: Further research is needed to understand the potential for optimism to serve as a protective factor. Optimism can be developed, and therefore can possibly be incorporated to design novel interventions or integrated into empirically validated treatment programs to precipitate uptake.
Keywords: Juvenile justice | Opioid misuse | Optimism | Adolescents | Hopelessness
مقاله انگلیسی
56 Determining the probability of juvenile delinquency by using support vector machines and designing a clinical decision support system
تعیین احتمال بزهکاری نوجوانان با استفاده از دستگاه های بردار پشتیبان و طراحی سیستم پشتیبانی از تصمیم گیری بالینی-2020
It is a known fact that individuals who engaged in delinquent behavior in childhood are more probable to carry on similar behavior in adulthood. If the factors that lead children to involve in delinquency are defined, the risk of dragging children into crime can be detected before they are involved in crime and delinquency can be prevented with appropriate preventive rehabilitation programs, in the early period. However, given that delinquent behavior occurs under the influence of multiple conditions and factors rather than a single risk factor; the need for diagnostic tools to evaluate multiple factors together is obvious. Artificial intelligence-based clinical decision support systems have already been used in the field of psychiatry as well as many other fields of medicine. In this study, we assume that thanks to artificial intelligence-based clinical decision support systems, children and adolescents at risk can be detected before the criminal behavior occurs by addressing certain factors. In this way, we anticipate that it can provide psychiatrists and other experts in the field.
مقاله انگلیسی
57 Women entrepreneurship in India: The socio-economic context
کارآفرینی زنان در هند: زمینه اقتصادی - اجتماعی-2020
Prior to 1900, in the 19400 s, 19500 s & 19600 s the women were only and only regarded as sisters, mothers, housewives and daughters. They had no role to play for the economic development of the society. They were not included in the economic activities and their contributions were also not given weight age. People who were behind the theories and concepts of development, saw men as the main elements and agents of societal development and as the bread-earners for the family while the women were only house-wives, their jobs incorporated either educating their children at home or food preparation and clean-up. In the 19th century there were very limited jobs available to women. It did not matter whether to which class the men belong but they had complete and absolute power over women. The thought was that upper- and middle-class women had to continue dependent on a man: first as a daughter and then as a wife. From the 20th century on, however, women have gained political, economic, and social power. This paper focuses on the different roles of women in the development of society and emphasizes on the significant contributions made by the women in the socio-cultural and economic development of the nation. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Emerging Trends in Materials Science, Technology and Engineering.
Keywords: Women entrepreneurship | Socio-economic development | National development | Society | Self-employment
مقاله انگلیسی
58 Challenges and benefits of community-based safer school construction
چالش ها و مزایای جامعه مبتنی بر ساخت و ساز امن تر مدرسه-2020
Over the last two decades, millions of classrooms have been built through such efforts as the global Education for All campaign and the Millennium Development Goals. Community-based school construction is prevalent in areas where the onus of education has traditionally been on the community or where governments has devolved decision-making to subnational or local bodies. Interviews with 58 practitioners with expertise in communitybased construction in Africa, Latin America, and Asia illuminate both the challenges and benefits of community-based approaches. These practitioners sought to achieve the twin goal of ensuring children have access to educational facilities and ensuring such facilities are able to withstand natural hazards without costly damage that can kill, injure children and school personnel, or disrupt education. Practitioners found that community-based approaches to safer school construction can support local livelihoods and build capacity; the approach can also increase the skills of local stakeholders for maintaining the school after project completion. It also helps develop local capacity for disaster risk management. However, practitioners noted that introduction of new materials and construction techniques, which may be necessary to achieve hazard-resistant construction, were sometimes resisted or ineffectively implemented. Other times, decisions at the design stage did not adequately reflect field realities, increasing risk to future occupants. Overall, reduction in labor and material costs often came with slower construction and higher costs devoted to local training and oversight. The insights help identify key principles for community-based construction that can help ensure safer schools and increased community capacity for disaster risk reduction.
Keywords: Comprehensive school safety | school construction | education | disasters
مقاله انگلیسی
59 Abstract depiction of human figures in impressionist art and children’s picture books
چکیده ای از چهره های انسان در هنرهای تجسمی و کتاب های تصویری کودکان-2019
The human figure is important in art. I discuss examples of the abstract depiction of the human figure, from both impressionist painting and children’s book illustration, and the challenge faced in algorithmically mimicking what human artists can achieve. I demonstrate that there are excellent examples in both genres that provide insight into what a human artist sees as important in providing abstraction at different levels of detail. The challenge lies in the human brain having enormous knowledge about the world and an ability to make fine distinctions about other humans from posture, clothing and expression. This allows a human to make assumptions about human figures from a tiny amount of data, and allows a human artist to take advantage of this when creating art. The question for the computer graphics community is whether and how we could algorithmically mimic what a human artist can do. I provide evidence from both genres to suggest possible ways forward.
Keywords: Impressionism | Abstraction | Representation | Perception
مقاله انگلیسی
60 Identification and analysis of behavioral phenotypes in autism spectrum disorder via unsupervised machine learning
شناسایی و تجزیه و تحلیل فنوتیپ های رفتاری در اختلال طیف اوتیسم از طریق یادگیری ماشین بدون نظارت-2019
Background and objective: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous disorder. Research has explored potential ASD subgroups with preliminary evidence supporting the existence of behaviorally and genetically distinct subgroups; however, research has yet to leverage machine learning to identify phenotypes on a scale large enough to robustly examine treatment response across such subgroups. The purpose of the present study was to apply Gaussian Mixture Models and Hierarchical Clustering to identify behavioral phenotypes of ASD and examine treatment response across the learned phenotypes. Materials and methods: The present study included a sample of children with ASD (N = 2400), the largest of its kind to date. Unsupervised machine learning was applied to model ASD subgroups as well as their taxonomic relationships. Retrospective treatment data were available for a portion of the sample (n =1034). Treatment response was examined within each subgroup via regression. Results: The application of a Gaussian Mixture Model revealed 16 subgroups. Further examination of the subgroups through Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering suggested 2 overlying behavioral phenotypes with unique deficit profiles each composed of subgroups that differed in severity of those deficits. Furthermore, differentiated response to treatment was found across subtypes, with a substantially higher amount of variance accounted for due to the homogenization effect of the clustering. Discussion: The high amount of variance explained by the regression models indicates that clustering provides a basis for homogenization, and thus an opportunity to tailor treatment based on cluster memberships. These findings have significant implications on prognosis and targeted treatment of ASD, and pave the way for personalized intervention based on unsupervised machine learning.
Keywords: Machine learning | Autism spectrum disorder | Behavioral phenotypes | Cluster analysis | Treatment response
مقاله انگلیسی
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