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نتیجه جستجو - Climate change

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 191
ردیف عنوان نوع
61 What is Climate-Smart Forestry? A definition from a multinational collaborative process focused on mountain regions of Europe
جنگلداری اقلیمی و هوشمند چیست؟ تعریفی از یک فرایند مشترک چند ملیتی متمرکز بر مناطق کوهستانی اروپا-2020
Climate-Smart Forestry (CSF) is an emerging branch of sustainable forest management that aims to manage forests in response to climate change. Specific CSF strategies are viewed as a way forward for developing suitable management responses and enhancing the provision of ecosystem services. However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive and cohesive assessment to implement CSF. This paper describes the step-by-step process that developed a comprehensive and shared definition of CSF, and the process for selecting indicators that assess the “climate-smartness” of forest management. Adaptation, mitigation and social dimensions are the core focus of the CSF definition, which recognises the need to integrate and avoid development of these aspects in isolation. An iterative participatory process was used with a range of experts in forest-related fields from the CLIMO project, this was subsequently supported by a network analysis to identify sustainable forest management indicators important to CSF. The definition developed here, is an important first step in to promote CSF that will aid practice in the forestry sector. It can be used as a template across Europe, tailored to local contexts. Further work communicating CSF to practitioners and policy-makers will create a CSF practice and culture that will help to safeguard future forest economies and communities.
Keywords: Sustainable forest management | Adaptation | Mitigation | Social dimension | Bioeconomy | Indicator
مقاله انگلیسی
62 Toward a trans-regional vulnerability assessment for Alps. A methodological approach to land cover changes over alpine landscapes, supporting urban adaptation
به سمت ارزیابی آسیب پذیری فرا منطقه ای برای رشته کوه های آلپ. یک رویکرد روششناختی برای تغییر پوشش زمین نسبت به مناظر کوهستانی ، حمایت از سازگاری شهری-2020
The contribution presents a possible assessment methodology for land cover change over ice and snow, between 1990 and 2018 in the Dolomites and the Alpi Giulie. The methodology aims to build surface atlas to assess the land cover changes. The tool is intended as a support for environmental management, forecasting and, as support for territorial government systems in climate- proof planning processes. In the “business as usual” global warming scenario, ice and snow resources will become one of the most affected subjects by Climate Change, with heavy consequences on ecosystems, urban environments and socioeconomic. Current monitoring and assessment systems are fragmented both by survey methodology and by local distribution. The methodology is developed in using GIS, following remote sensing (RS) processes and spatial analysis tools to manage multispectral satellite images. The process uses spectral signatures from satellite images to identify homogeneous areas in material and morphology. The process takes into account the actual systems of assessment and local socioeconomic exposures. The methodology takes a proactive approach to future hazards and impacts considering their management in alpine habitats to support local administrations. The project develops transboundary assessment techniques and aids the adaptation of planning strategies in the context of Climate Change.
Keywords: Urban planning 1 | Transboundary governance 2 | Remote sensing analysis 3 | Climate change 4 | Adaptation strategies 5 | Alps monitoring 6
مقاله انگلیسی
63 Tweeting the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris (COP21): An analysis of a social network and factors determining the network influence
توییت کنفرانس تغییرات اقلیمی سازمان ملل متحد در پاریس (COP21): تحلیلی از یک شبکه اجتماعی و عوامل تعیین کننده تأثیر شبکه-2020
To understand the Twitter network of an environmental and political event and to extend the network theory of social capital, we first performed a network analysis of the English tweets during the first 10 days of the United Nations’ Conference of the Parties in Paris in 2015. Accounts for nonprofit and government agencies were more likely to be influential in the Twitter network and be retweeted, whereas individual accounts were more likely to retweet others. Based on a quota sample of 133 Twitter accounts and using both manual and machine coding, we further found that the number of followers (but not the size of following) and the common-goal frame (i.e., mitigation/adaptation) positively predicted an account’s influence in the Twitter network, whereas the conflict frame negatively predicted an account’s network influence
Keywords: Big data | Climate change | COP21 | Framing | Social capital | Social network analysis
مقاله انگلیسی
64 The ESPREssO Action Database: Collecting and assessing measures for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation
پایگاه داده عملیاتی ESPREssO: جمع آوری و ارزیابی اقدامات برای کاهش خطر در برابر بلایای طبیعی و سازگاری با تغییرات آب و هوا-2020
The Action Database (ADB) was developed during the ESPREssO project (Enhancing Synergies for Disaster Prevention in the European Union) in order to store and analyze relevant ideas emerging during the project to deal with the challenges. It provides the opportunity to formalize discussions and to store their content in a synthetic format, as well as to collect experiences and evaluate the impacts they had at their respective scales of implementation and on different parameters. The major aim of the ESPREssO-ADB tool, and its main innovation, is to deal with multi-hazard and multi-challenge actions, in an international context and notably in a cross-border initiative. The ESPREssO project aimed at contributing to a new strategic vision on Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) in Europe. To do so, stakeholders working with CCA and/or DRR in Europe were consulted to identify measures boosting adaptation or societies’ resilience. Each idea, measure or comment was stored and ranked in the ADB using qualitative criteria based on the Sendai Priorities and the SHIELD model proposed by the ESPREssO Team. Each action was assessed through multi-criteria analysis and effectiveness was approached under two different angles. The first one in line with the priorities of the Sendai Framework; and the second one with the SHIELD model. This model incorporate recommendations on how to optimize risk management capabilities through DRR. Positive actions had fed the Vision Paper and Guidelines produced by the project. This paper describes in details the ADB structure and the multi-criteria analysis performed.
Keywords: Action database | Europe | Disaster prevention | Disaster risk reduction (DRR) | Climate change adaptation (CCA) | Cross border crisis management | Stakeholders
مقاله انگلیسی
65 Policy integration: Do laws or actors integrate issues relevant to flood risk management in Switzerland?
ادغام سیاست: آیا قوانین یا بازیگران موضوعات مرتبط با مدیریت ریسک سیل در سوئیس را ادغام می کنند؟-2020
Existing research emphasizes interdependencies between social and ecological systems in climate change adaptation. Ecological systems are often complex and span several issues that are not integrated in the social governance system. In order to increase the fit between social and ecological systems, understanding factors that promote the integration of interdependent issues is crucial. In this paper, we consider 11 issues related to flood risk management, e.g., technical flood protection and habitat loss, which are typically addressed in different policy sectors but exhibit ecological, functional, or geographical interdependencies. We analyze two bases for issue integration: a) political actors connecting issues and, b) the legal framework cross-referencing issues. We propose a network method for systematic comparisons between issue integration based on actors and integration based on laws. For the case of Swiss flood risk management, we find that actor- and law-based issue integration co-vary and might be self-reinforcing. We further find that issue integration mostly rests on laws, although cases exist where actors are the main basis of integration. Results promote our understanding of potential bases for the integration of policy issues, thereby contributing knowledge about adaptive governance capacities in socialecological systems that buffer the effects of climate change.
Keywords: Policy integration | issue integration | flood risk management | adaptive governance | network analysis | bipartite network
مقاله انگلیسی
66 Improving site assessment tools in emerging technologies: The case of highway vertical-axis wind turbines in the United States
بهبود ابزارهای ارزیابی سایت در فناوریهای نوظهور: مورد توربینهای بادی محور عمودی بزرگراه در ایالات متحده-2020
Despite the benefits of renewable energy—including mitigation of climate change, emission-free electricity generation, and public health benefits—technology siting is plagued by social, political, and cultural challenges. These non-technical challenges often remain outside the scope and responsibility of engineers’ assessments. This study uses early-stage stakeholder engagement to examine the non-technical barriers to siting of vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) along traffic corridors throughout the United States. Stakeholder feedback is analyzed in terms of Niklas Luhmanns social system theory via the Socio-Political Evaluation of Energy Deployment (SPEED) framework to assess broader, system-wide feasibility. By identifying points of resonance—situations in which the logics of different systems overlap, allowing interaction—the knowledge and capacities of different stakeholder groups can support development of new technologies. This method of stakeholder engagement occurs at earlier stages of project development and includes larger socio-political scales than typical site-level analysis. Stakeholder feedback—from a variety of fields, including engineering, transportation, project management, and law—is incorporated into a multi-criteria and analytic hierarchy tool to aid in turbine siting. This paper argues that early stakeholder engagement beyond a strictly technical focus creates a more robust account of project feasibility, shown through the potential for right-of-way VAWT arrays.
Keywords: Socio-political evaluation of energy | deployment | Renewable energy-systems | Stakeholder engagement | Technology development | Wind turbine siting | Site assessment tool
مقاله انگلیسی
67 Saving the North Atlantic right whale in a changing ocean: Gauging scientific and law and policy responses
نجات نهنگ اقیانوس اطلس شمالی در اقیانوس در حال تغییر: اندازه گیری پاسخ های علمی و قانونی و سیاسی-2020
North Atlantic right whales (NARW) are one of the most endangered marine animals with a global population of ~400 individuals left. Recent climate-driven shifts in distribution have significantly increased their mortality risk from human activities. After twelve NARWs died in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 2017 from fishing gear entanglement and ship strikes, Canada adopted measures designed to decrease overlap between these whales and relevant threats. Real-time monitoring of whale distribution combined with dynamic management of shipping corridors and fishing areas proved to be effective in reducing regional mortality to zero in 2018. Yet, this complex system was expensive to implement and caused tension with affected sectors. Following stakeholder consultations, Canada modified the system of static and dynamic measures for the 2019 season. These measures were less effective and eight observed right whale deaths triggered additional emergency responses. This paper reviews scientific and legal tools that were used to implement spatial management of NARW and marine activities between 2017 and 2019. It identifies key legislation that directs the government to protect NARW, such as the Species at Risk Act (SARA), as well as the regulatory tools under the Fisheries Act and Canada Shipping Act and discusses weaknesses in the implementation of these legal frameworks that contributed to compromised outcomes. The paper concludes with recommendations designed to promote recovery and protect endangered species that may undergo similar changes in distributions and threats under ongoing climate and environmental change. The need to strengthen the role of Canada’s Species at Risk Act in future conservation efforts is highlighted, specifically the need to address the effects of climate change in recovery planning and the importance of expanding critical habitat protections.
Keywords: Species at risk | Climate change | Oceans | North Atlantic right whale | Canada
مقاله انگلیسی
68 Green climate change adaptation and the politics of designing ecological infrastructures
انطباق تغییرات آب و هوای سبز و سیاست طراحی زیرساختهای زیست محیطی-2020
There is a distinctive ecological turn within contemporary urban infrastructure design linked to the embrace of green approaches to climate adaptation and new ‘ecological’ and ‘landscape infrastructures’ which combine green and grey features. These promise a wide range of ecological, social and cultural benefits and have been accompanied by distinctive new design visions and imaginaries. However, there are also competing interests and agendas which threaten to undermine the realisation of socially equitable and ecologically sustainable design in this context. In response, this article explores the politics of designing ecological infrastructures through a case study of the redevelopment of Hans Tavsens Park, a green climate adaptation, stormwater management and regeneration project in Copenhagen, Denmark. The case study exemplifies the ecological turn in design through its aspiration to deliver ecological, social and cultural benefits in conjunction with improvements to stormwater management. However, the article also identifies connections between innovative design and entrepreneurial strategies related to place-branding. It highlights conflicts between this entrepreneurial green design agenda and both social and ecological priorities. The article’s distinctive contributions are its analysis of the politics of green, climate-resilient design and its description of the relationship between seemingly innovative design, including visible greening and ideals of ‘co-creation’, and the exclusion of disadvantaged groups from green, resilient spaces.
Keywords: Green climate adaptation | Politics of climate adaptation | Urban infrastructures | Urban | Design | Critical design | Urban political ecology | Regeneration
مقاله انگلیسی
69 Predicting the climate change impacts on water-carbon coupling cycles for a loess hilly-gully watershed
پیش بینی تأثیر تغییرات آب و هوا بر چرخه اتصال آب و کربن برای یک حوزه آبخیز کوهستانی -2020
Understanding the climate change impacts on water and carbon cycles is of great importance for comprehensive watershed management. Although many studies have been conducted on the future climate change impacts on either water cycle or carbon cycle, the potential impacts on water-carbon coupling cycles are still poorly understood. This study used an integrated hydro-biochemical model (SWAT-DayCent) to quantitatively investigate the climate change impacts on water-carbon coupling cycles with a case study of typical loess hilly-gully watershed- the Jinghe River Basin (JRB) on the Loess Plateau. We used climate scenarios data derived under the three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs2.6, 4.5 and 8.5) by five downscaled Global Circulation Models (GCMs) and set two future periods of 2020–2049 (near future, NF) and 2070–2099 (far future, FF). It was projected that the annual precipitation would generally decrease slightly during the NF period but increase by 4–11% during the FF period, while the maximum/minimum air temperatures would increase significantly. The average annual streamflow would decrease (with up to 20.1% under RCP8.5) and evapotranspiration (ET) would remain almost unchanged during the NF period; however, both of them would increase during the FF period. The net primary production (NPP) would be generally higher due to the CO2 fertilization, whereas the soil organic carbon would decrease across all scenarios due to the warmer climate. The NPP-ET was projected to be closely coupled across all scenarios, and this coupling was mainly controlled by the inter-annual variability (IAV) of precipitation. Moreover, the precipitation IAV combined with NPP-ET coupling could also jointly control the NPP variability in the JRB. These projections in water-carbon coupling cycles can be useful to make betterinformed decisions for future water resources and ecosystem management of the loess hilly-gully regions.
Keywords: Climate change | SOC | Streamflow | SWAT-DayCent | Water-carbon coupling
مقاله انگلیسی
70 Multi-stage stochastic fuzzy random programming for food-water-energy nexus management under uncertainties
برنامه نویسی تصادفی فازی اشفته چند مرحله ای برای مدیریت ارتباط مواد غذایی-آب و انرژی تحت عدم قطعیت-2020
A hybrid inexact optimization model is developed for food-water-energy nexus system management with the consideration of complex uncertainties and decision makers’ risk tolerance. A multi-stage stochastic fuzzy random programming (MSFRP) model is tailored to tackle variables with deeper uncertainties, a mixture of fuzzy and random fuzzy characteristics. Allowing to reflect decision makers’ subjective opinion and risk preference, it can provide decision makers the tradeoff information between system benefit and risk attitude. The proposed model was applied to an agricultural area Shandong Province, China with the aim of maximum total system benefits. The valuable managerial insights on optimal cultivated land distribution, water resource allocation, and energy supply strategies are provided for decision makers under uncertainties. Meanwhile, the pesticide and fertilizer consumption for crop planting, and the carbon emission embodied in per unit crop supply are also quantitatively estimated. Moreover, by setting different water resource availability scenarios, the impacts of future water resource conditions on optimal management strategies under climate change are evaluated and discussed. The results suggested that rice would be the critical crop with the largest planting area for food security during the planning horizon. Under scarcer water resource conditions, the system benefits would reduce due to more desalination water consumption and planting strategy adjustment. However, it would lead to less carbon emission embodied in per unit crop supply and relieve local carbon emission control pressure. Compared to the conventional multi-stage stochastic programming, the developed MSFRP can be more effective to reflect the optimistic and pessimistic attitude of decision makers and deal with future scenario information with deeper uncertainties.
Keywords: Food-energy-water nexus | Uncertainty | Multi-stage programming | Random fuzzy
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