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51 |
Police-related barriers to harm reduction linked to non-fatal overdose amongst sex workers who use drugs: Results of a community-based cohort in Metro Vancouver, Canada
موانع مربوط به پلیس در کاهش آسیب مرتبط با مصرف بیش از حد غیر کشنده در میان کارگران جنسی که مواد مخدر استفاده می کنند: نتایج یک گروه مبتنی در جامعه در مترو ونکوور ، کانادا-2020 Background: High rates of overdose and overdose-related mortality in North America represent a pressing health
and social concern. Women sex workers face severe health and social inequities, which have been linked to
structural factors including negative police interactions; however, little is known regarding the burden of
overdose or how policing impacts overdose risk amongst sex workers who use drugs. Given this, we aimed to
explore the independent effects of experiencing police-related barriers to harm reduction on non-fatal overdose
amongst women sex workers who use drugs in Metro Vancouver, Canada over a 7.5-year period.
Methods: Data were drawn from An Evaluation of Sex Workers Health Access (AESHA), a community-based open
prospective cohort of women sex workers in Metro Vancouver, from 2010 to 2017. Using multivariate logistic
regression with generalized estimating equations (GEE), we used a confounder modeling approach to identify
the independent effect of experiencing police-related barriers to harm reduction strategies on non-fatal overdose
amongst sex workers using drugs within the last six months at each study visit.
Results: Amongst 624 participants, 7.7% overdosed within the last six months at baseline and 27.6% overdosed
during the study period, contributing 287 non-fatal overdose events over the 7.5-year period. 68.6% reported
police-related barriers to harm reduction strategies during the study. In a multivariate confounder model, exposure
to police-related barriers to harm reduction strategies [AOR: 2.15, CI: 1.60–2.90] was independently
associated with higher odds of non-fatal overdose after adjustment for key confounders.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that in the context of the current overdose crisis, adversarial policing practices
may undermine access to lifesaving overdose prevention services and exacerbate overdose risks for marginalized
women. Findings underscore the urgent need to scale-up access and remove barriers to progressive harm reduction
strategies for women sex workers. Keywords: Sex work | Drug overdose | Harm reduction | Women | Policing | Criminalization |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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“Bed Bugs and Beyond”: An ethnographic analysis of North Americas first women-only supervised drug consumption site
"اشکالات بستر و فراتر از آن": تجزیه و تحلیل مردم نگاری اولین سایت مصرف مواد مخدر تحت نظارت فقط در زنان در آمریکای شمالی-2020 Background: Attention to how women are differentially impacted within harm reduction environments is salient
amidst North Americas overdose crisis. Harm reduction interventions are typically ‘gender-neutral’, thus failing
to address the systemic and everyday racialized and gendered discrimination, stigma, and violence extending
into service settings and limiting some womens access. Such dynamics highlight the significance of North
Americas first low-threshold supervised consumption site exclusively for women (transgender and non-binary
inclusive), SisterSpace, in Vancouver, Canada. This study explores womens lived experiences of this unique
harm reduction intervention.
Methods: Ethnographic research was conducted from May 2017 to June 2018 to explore womens experiences
with SisterSpace in Vancouvers Downtown Eastside, an epicenter of Canadas overdose crisis. Data include more
than 100 hours of ethnographic fieldwork, including unstructured conversations with structurally vulnerable
women who use illegal drugs, and in-depth interviews with 45 women recruited from this site. Data were
analyzed in NVivo by drawing on deductive and inductive approaches.
Findings: The setting (non-institutional), operational policies (no men; inclusive), and environment (diversity of
structurally vulnerable women who use illegal drugs), constituted a space affording participants a temporary reprieve
from some forms of stigma and discrimination, gendered and social violence and drug-related harms, including
overdose. SisterSpace fostered a sense of safety and subjective autonomy (though structurally constrained) among those
often defined as ‘deviant’ and ‘victims’, enabling knowledge-sharing of experiences through a gendered lens.
Conclusion: SisterSpace demonstrates the value and effectiveness of initiatives that engage with socio-structural
factors beyond the often narrow focus of overdose prevention and that account for the complex social relations
that constitute such initiatives. In the context of structural inequities, criminalization, and an overdose crisis,
SisterSpace represents an innovative approach to harm reduction that accounts for situations of gender inequality
not being met by mixed-gender services, with relevance to other settings. Keywords: women | drugs | violence | harm reduction | overdose | supervised consumption sites | Canada |
مقاله انگلیسی |
53 |
The dynamics among entrepreneurship, innovation, and economic growth in the Eurozone countries
پویایی در میان کارآفرینی ، نوآوری و رشد اقتصادی در کشورهای منطقه یورو-2020 Economic growth in the Eurozone has been lacklustre over the last two decades due to increased global competition from economic players in other regions, economic and financial crisis, and political uncertainties within the zone. To increase the global competitiveness of the region, the European Union launched the Europe 2020 Strategy to raise the level of entrepreneurship and innovation, which are purported to be key drivers of economic growth. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate whether this assertion is true. Thus, the paper investigates the Granger causal relationships among entrepreneurship development, innovation, and economic growth for a sample of the Eurozone countries for the period 2001–2016. Using a vector error-correction model, the study finds that in the long run, both entrepreneurship and innovation stimulate economic growth. In the short run, strong causal links exist but are not always uniform. The results reveal that Eurozone countries should indeed base their growth strategies on policies that promote innovation and policies that create incentives for entrepreneurship.© 2020 The Society for Policy Modeling. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.JEL classification: O43; O16; E44; E31 Keywords: Entrepreneurship | Innovation | Economic growth | Eurozone countries |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Using actor-partner interdependence modeling to understand recent illicit opioid use and injection drug use among men in community supervision and their female partners in New York City
استفاده از مدل وابستگی متقابل بازیگر و شریک زندگی برای درک مصرف غیرقانونی مخدر اخیر و مصرف مواد مخدر تزریقی در مردان تحت نظارت جامعه و شرکای زن آنها در شهر نیویورک-2020 Background: The United States’ opioid crisis disproportionately affects individuals in the criminal justice system.
Intimate partners can be a source of social support that helps reduce substance use, or they can serve as a driver
of continued or increased substance use. Better understanding of the association between intimate partner
characteristics and illicit opioid use and injection drug use among individuals in community supervision could be
vital to developing targeted interventions.
Methods: Using actor-partner interdependence models, we examined individual and partner characteristics associated
with recent illicit opioid use and injection drug use among males in community supervision settings in
New York City (n = 229) and their female partners (n = 229).
Results: Higher levels of depression (aOR 1.98, 95% CI [1.39–2.82], p ≤ 0.01) and anxiety (aOR 1.98, 95% CI
[1.42–2.75], p ≤ 0.01) were associated with recent opioid use among males in community supervision. Females
with a partner having higher levels of anxiety were more likely to have recently used opioids (aOR 1.52, 95% CI
[1.06–2.16], p ≤ 0.05). Males with a female partner with higher levels of anxiety (aOR 2.16, 95% CI
[1.31–3.56], p ≤ 0.01) or depression (aOR 1.70, 95% CI [1.01–2.86], p ≤ 0.05) were more likely to recently
inject drugs. Women with a male partner who had been in prison were more likely to have recently injected
drugs (aOR 3.71, 95% CI [1.14–12.12], p ≤0.05), but women who had a male partner who had been arrested in
the past three months were less likely to have recently injected (aOR 0.08, 95% CI [0.02–0.46], p ≤ 0.01).
Conclusions: Results suggest that recent individual illicit opioid use and injection drug use is associated not only
with individual-level factors, but also with partner factors, highlighting the need for couple-based approaches to
address the opioid epidemic. Keywords: Opioid use | Injection drug use | Mental health | Criminal justice | Dyads | Actor-partner interdependence model |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Developing interagency collaboration to address the opioid epidemic: A scoping review of joint criminal justice and healthcare initiatives
در حال توسعه همکاری بین سازمانی برای رسیدگی به اپیدمی مواد مخدر: یک بررسی گسترده از ابتکارات مشترک کیفری و بهداشت و درمان-2020 Background: With the current opioid epidemic impacting well over half of all counties across the United States,
initiatives that encourage interagency collaboration between first responder organizations appear necessary to
comprehensively address this crisis. Police, fire, and emergency medical services (EMS) are in a unique position
to identify substance users and provide necessary resources to initiate treatment, yet there is not sufficient
evidence of joint collaborative programs between law enforcement/first responders and healthcare providers.
Methods: In this scoping review we examine the current state of joint criminal justice and healthcare interventions,
specifically, opioid and substance use pre-arrest initiatives via emergency first responders and police
officers. We relied on data from the last 10 years across three major databases to assess the extent of criminal
justice (CJ) and healthcare collaborations as a response to individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD). We
specifically focused on interventional programs between criminal justice first responders (pre-arrest) and
healthcare providers where specific outcomes were documented.
Results: We identified only a small number (6) of studies involving interventions that met this criteria, suggesting
very limited study of joint interagency collaboration between law enforcement first responders and
healthcare providers. Most had small samples, none were in the southern states, and all but one were initiated
within the last 5 years.
Conclusions: Although studies describing joint efforts of early intercept criminal justice responses and healthcare
interventions were few, existing studies suggest that such programs were effective at improving treatment referral
and retention outcomes. Greater resources are needed to encourage criminal justice and healthcare collaboration
and policies, making it easier to share data, refer patients, and coordinate care for individuals with
OUD. Keywords: Opioid use disorder | First responder | Interagency collaboration | Mortality |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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When all seemed lost. A social network analysis of the waste-related environmental movement in Campania, Italy
یک تحلیل شبکه اجتماعی از جنبش زیست محیطی مربوط به زباله ها در کامپانیا ، ایتالیا-2020 The Italian region of Campania and its capital Naples have epitomized waste management failure in Europe since
2008 when international media covered extensively the waste crisis occurring there. In response to the crisis, the
Italian national government took an authoritarian turn in waste policies and criminalized citizens’ grievances
and mobilizations against waste-facility siting in Campania. The state authorities’ intervention gained popular
consent and obscured the multifaceted and unjust geographies of waste management in the region. It was a
serious blow for the waste-related justice movement in Campania. However, just when waste management
seemed under control the movement re-emerged stronger and more effective than it had been prior to the 2008
crisis. Activists created a new counter narrative and liberated themselves from the constraints imposed by the
repressive measures of the national government. They built a new frame around the unhealthy space, whose
expansion, they maintained, was caused by the waste-related contamination. Yet the strength of the movement
and its transformation following 2008 can only be fully understood when the structural property and the
components of the EJ activists’ networks are also considered. We apply a Social Network Analysis to show how
an effective environmental justice movement requires a cohesive and robust network as well as a comprehensive
narrative. The waste-related movement in Campania went from being an archipelago of isolated clusters of
organizations with a plural but fragmented claims (before 2008), to a tightly interconnected network supporting
a unified political platform (after 2008). We link together the reframing of the movement around health issues
with the reconfiguration of activist networks. We use the Campania case to show how environmental justice
movements might overcome repression and criminalization and progress toward social justice and ecologically
sound transformations. Keywords: Environmental justice | Grassroot environmentalism | Waste management | Social network analysis |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Effects of temporary psychiatric holds on length of stay and readmission risk among persons admitted for psychotic disorders
اثرات بازداشت موقت روانپزشکی بر طول مدت اقامت و خطر بستری مجدد در افراد بستری شده برای اختلالات روانپریشی-2020 The practice of involuntary psychiatric commitment is central to the acute treatment of persons with severe mental illness and others in psychiatric crisis. Deciding whether a patient should be admitted involuntarily re- quires weighing respect for autonomy against beneficence, considering the clinical needs of the patient, and navigating ambiguous legal standards. The relative dearth of information about the impact of involuntary commitment on objective patient outcomes complicates matters ethically, legally, and clinically. To address this gap in the literature, we sought to determine the association between temporary psychiatric holds and length of stay and readmission rates among a retrospective sample of adult patients admitted to a large psychiatric hospital with diagnoses of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, mania, and other psychotic disorders. In total, we identified 460 patients and 559 unique encounters meeting our inclusion criteria; 90 of the encounters were voluntary (involving a temporary psychiatric hold) and 469 were involuntary. Univariable and multivariable analyses suggested that temporary psychiatric holds were not significantly associated with either length of stay or readmission rate. These findings are relevant to clinicians who must decide whether to admit a patient involuntarily, as they suggest that making a patient involuntary is not associated with differences in length of stay or readmission risk. Keywords: Civil commitment | Length of stay | Readmission | Psychosis |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Self-binding directives under the new Dutch Law on Compulsory Mental Health Care: An analysis of the legal framework and a proposal for reform
دستورالعمل های خودالزام آور تحت قانون جدید هلند در مورد مراقبت اجباری بهداشت روان: تجزیه و تحلیل چارچوب قانونی و پیشنهادی برای اصلاح-2020 Self-binding directives (SBDs) are a special type of psychiatric advance directive by means of which mental health service users can give advance consent to compulsory hospital admission or treatment during a future mental health crisis. SBDs are legally binding in the Netherlands since 2008. On the 1st of January 2020, the Dutch Law on Special Admissions to Psychiatric Hospitals (Wet bijzondere opnemingen in psychiatrische zie- kenhuizen; Bopz) was replaced by the new Law on Compulsory Mental Health Care (Wet verplichte geestelijke gezondheidszorg; Wvggz). This replacement brought with it various changes in the legal arrangement for SBDs. In this article, we expound the changes in the legal arrangement and assess the implications of these changes for the practical feasibility of SBDs. We argue that the procedures for arranging compulsory care based on an SBD in the new law are too complex and time-intensive for SBDs to yield their potential benefits. We close by proposing a workable mechanism of legal authorisation of compulsory care on the basis of an SBD. Keywords: Self-binding directive | Ulysses contract | Psychiatric advance directive | The Netherlands | Wvggz | Coercion | Compulsory admission | Involuntary treatment | Psychiatry |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Training, human capital, and gender gaps in entrepreneurial performance
آموزش ، سرمایه انسانی و شکاف های جنسیتی در عملکرد کارآفرینی-2020 In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, policymakers have been increasingly striving to support female entrepreneurship as a possible growth driver. This paper contributes to reconciling mixed findings in the literature on the effectiveness of entrepreneurial training with an analysis that links training and human capital, including tertiary education and non-cognitive skills, with gender gaps in entrepreneurial performance in Africa. We have found that while financial literacy training directly benefits men, it does not raise the sales levels of women entrepreneurs. Instead, tertiary education has a direct positive link with the performance of women. Consistent with our theoretical model where different skills are complements, tertiary education can act as a channel that makes training effective. Regarding non-cognitive skills, evidence shows that women entrepreneurs who are tenacious achieve stronger sales performance. Our results underscore the importance of including tertiary edu- cation and entrepreneurial training programs focused on a balanced set of skills, including non-cognitive skills, among policies for women entrepreneurs. Keywords: Female entrepreneurship | Training | Non-cognitive skills | Tertiary education |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Corporate crisis management on social media: A morality violations perspective
مدیریت بحران شرکت ها در شبکه های اجتماعی: دیدگاه نقض اخلاق-2020 Communication via a social network function enabled by social media has greatly empowered consumers secondary crisis communication, as compared to a firms crisis communication, and has thus changed corporate crisis management. This study aims to uncover consumers decision process of engaging in secondary crisis communication in a social media context. Drawing on the social control perspective and impression management theory, this study examines the role of perceived morality violations and consumers susceptibility to social influence in shaping consumers secondary crisis communication in corporate crises. Moreover, leveraging cognitive dissonance theory, this study further examines the effects of corporate responses on the process of consumers secondary crisis communication. A survey design with four scenarios was conducted to test a series of hypotheses relating to the decision process of secondary crisis communication. Our empirical results demonstrate that consumers approach to secondary crisis communication on social media depends largely to the degree to which they perceive moral violations in the firms crisis response. The findings also show that consumers tend to want to believe they are doing the “right thing” when considering secondary crisis communication and thus are afraid of being disliked by others for their purchasing decisions related to a firm in crisis. Such social conformance can result in a snowballing of negative word of mouth in product-harm crises cases. Findings contribute to the literature on social media crisis management and consumers communication behavior on social media during product-harm crises. Keywords: Susceptibility to social influence | Secondary crisis communication | Social media | Morality violations | Technology adoption | Organizational theory | Business management | Strategic management | Consumer attitude | Business |
مقاله انگلیسی |