دانلود و نمایش مقالات مرتبط با DNA evidence::صفحه 1
دانلود بهترین مقالات isi همراه با ترجمه فارسی 2

با سلام خدمت کاربران در صورتی که با خطای سیستم پرداخت بانکی مواجه شدید از طریق کارت به کارت (6037997535328901 بانک ملی ناصر خنجری ) مقاله خود را دریافت کنید (تا مشکل رفع گردد). 

نتیجه جستجو - DNA evidence

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 7
ردیف عنوان نوع
1 A review of likelihood ratios in forensic science based on a critique of Stiffelman “No longer the Gold standard: Probabilistic genotyping is changing the nature of DNA evidence in criminal trials”
مروری بر نسبتهای احتمال در علم پزشکی قانونی براساس نقدی از استیفلمن "دیگر استاندارد طلا نیست: ژنوتیپ احتمالی در حال تغییر ماهیت شواهد DNA در محاکمات کیفری است"-2020
Stiffelman [1] gives a broad critique of the application of likelihood ratios (LRs) in forensic science, in particular their use in probabilistic genotyping (PG) software. These are discussed in this review. LRs do not infringe on the ultimate issue. The Bayesian paradigm clearly separates the role of the scientist from that of the decision makers and distances the scientist from comment on the ultimate and subsidiary issues. LRs do not affect the reasonable doubt standard. Fact finders must still make decisions based on all the evidence and they must do this considering all evidence, not just that given probabilistically. LRs do not infringe on the presumption of innocence. The presumption of innocence does not equate with a prior probability of zero but simply that the person of interest (POI) is no more likely than anyone else to be the donor. Propositions need to be exhaustive within the context of the case. That is, propositions deemed relevant by either defense or prosecution which are not fanciful must not be omitted from consideration.
Keywords: Likelihood ratio | Reasonable doubt | Presumption of innocence | Exhaustiveness
مقاله انگلیسی
2 Raman spectroscopy for forensic semen identification: Method validation vs. environmental interferences
طیف سنجی رامان برای شناسایی منی پزشکی قانونی: اعتبار سنجی روش در مقابل تداخل های محیطی-2020
Proper identification of body fluids at crime scenes is imperative to forensic investigations, as they yield crucial pieces of DNA evidence that lead to subsequent investigation resolution and criminal justice. Nevertheless, body fluid identification can prove a burdensome process, as several ubiquitous substances found at crime scenes often resemble the appearance of a specific body fluid. Therefore, it is extremely important to find a reliable method for body fluid discovery and differentiation among other potential environmental inferences (EIs). In this study, Raman spectroscopy was combined with advanced statistical analysis and used for semen identification. This method has already been proven to be a powerful tool for characterization of body fluid traces for forensic purposes. Twenty-seven EI substances that may (i) yield a false positive (FP) result on routine forensic tests for semen and/or (ii) resemble a semen stain at a crime scene were examined. Raman spectra of EI substances were compared to spectra of main body fluids: semen, blood, saliva, sweat, and vaginal fluid. The random forest algorithm was utilized for differentiating between body fluids and EIs commonly found for semen traces. Using the classification probability threshold of 70%, entire separation of classes was observed. None of the twentyseven EI substances was classified as any body fluid. This confirms a great potential of Raman spectroscopy for nondestructive and rapid identification of semen traces found at a crime scene.
Keywords: Raman spectroscopy | Chemometrics | Semen identification | Forensics | Biological fluids | Environmental interferences
مقاله انگلیسی
3 Forensic touch DNA recovery from metal surfaces : A review
بازیابی DNA لمسی قانونی از سطوح فلزی : یک بررسی-2020
Trace evidence such as touch (also known as contact) DNA has probative value as a vital forensic investigative tool that can lead to the identification and apprehension of a criminal. While the volume of touch DNA evidence items submitted to forensic laboratories has significantly increased, recovery and amplification of DNA from these items, especially from metal surfaces, remains challenging. Currently little is understood with regards to the underlying mechanisms of metal-DNA interactions in the context of forensic science and how this may impact on DNA recovery. An increased understanding of these mechanisms would allow optimisation of methods to improve outcomes when sampling these materials. This paper reviews the basis of DNA binding to metal substrates, the merits and limitations of current methods and future perspectives of improving recovery and amplification of touch DNA from metal surfaces of forensic interest.
Keywords: Forensic Science | Metals | touch DNA and/or contact DNA | direct PCR | Swabbing | Tape lifting | Bardole M-vac
مقاله انگلیسی
4 Bayesian networks and dissonant items of evidence: A case study
شبکه های بیزی و شواهد متفرق: یک مطالعه موردی-2020
The assessment of different items of evidence is a challenging process in forensic science, particularly when the relevant elements support different inferential directions. In this study, a model is developed to assess the joint probative value of three different analyses related to some biological material retrieved on an object of interest in a criminal case. The study shows the ability of probabilistic graphical models, say Bayesian networks, to deal with complex situations, those that one expects to face in real cases. The results obtained by the model show the importance of a conflict measure as an indication of inconsistencies in the model itself. A contamination event alleged by the defense is also introduced in the model to explain and solve the conflict. The study aims to give an insight in the application of a probabilistic model to real criminal cases.
Keywords: DNA evidence | Activity level interpretation | Bayesian networks | Conflict measure
مقاله انگلیسی
5 Must the random man be unrelated? A lingering misconception in forensic genetics
آیا انسان تصادفی باید بی ارتباط باشد؟ یک باور غلط طولانی مدت در ژنتیک پزشکی قانونی-2020
A nearly universal practice among forensic DNA scientists includes mentioning an unrelated person as the possible alternative source of a DNA stain, when one in fact refers to an unknown person. Hence, experts typically express their conclusions with statements like: “The probability of the DNA evidence is X times higher if the suspect is the source of the trace than if another person unrelated to the suspect is the source of the trace.” Published forensic guidelines encourage such allusions to the unrelated person. However, as the authors show here, rational reasoning and population genetic principles do not require the conditioning of the evidential value on the unrelatedness between the unknown individual and the person of interest (e.g., a suspect). Surprisingly, this important semantic issue has been overlooked for decades, despite its potential to mislead the interpretation of DNA evidence by criminal justice system stakeholders.
Keywords: DNA evidence | Fact-finder | Match probability | Relatedness | Semantics
مقاله انگلیسی
6 ForeStatistics: A windows-based feature-rich software program for performing statistics in forensic DNA analysis, paternity and relationship testing
ForeStatistics: یک برنامه نرم افزاری سرشار از ویژگی های ویندوز برای انجام آمار در تجزیه و تحلیل پزشکی قانونی ، اصلیت و آزمایش رابطه-2020
Forensic science is one of the most modern and applied fields of science, today and comprises of various domains. These include Fingerprints analysis, Questioned document analysis, Forensic DNA and serology, Anthropometry, Cyber and Digital forensics, and many other fields. All these fields aid the process of decision making in the courts of law and legal settings; however, DNA profiling and its analyses are one of the most important aspects of forensic science today. In Forensic DNA analysis, the statistical calculations are very important to estimate the conclusiveness of DNA evidence in forensic cases; and to establish paternity and relatedness in civil and criminal matters. These statistics, when performed manually, leave a chance of error or ambiguity in the calculation, and are hectic and time-taking. Therefore, the computer-aided approaches are opted in forensics to perform DNA statistics calculations. Keeping its importance in mind, a highly accurate windows-based software program namely ForeStatistics is proposed in this study. ForeStatistics is rich in features such as DNA statistical calculations, DNA profile management and its matching. The software can estimate random match probabilities for single-source profiles, combined probability of inclusion for mixed profiles, paternity index of a disputed child in duo and trio cases, paternity of the disputed child when the alleged father is related to mother or biological father and relatedness in cases of grandparents/grandchild, avuncular relation and cousin. It is validated through different protocols and the validation of ForeStatistics depicts that it is highly accurate in terms of performing DNA statistics or DNA profile matching. Thus, it is concluded, that ForeStatistics has a great utility in the field of Forensic DNA analysis and can help DNA scientists, in performing various DNA related statistics.accurately and very efficiently.
Keywords: ForeStatistics | DNA statistics | Genotyping | RMP | CPI | Likelihood | Paternity | Kinship | Sibship
مقاله انگلیسی
7 Application of a mitochondrial DNA control region frequency database for UK domestic cats
کاربرد پایگاه داده فرکانس کنترل ناحیه ای DNA میتوکندری برای گربه های خانگی بریتانیا-2017
DNAvariation in 402 bp of the mitochondrial control region flanked by repeat sequences RS2 and RS3 was evaluated by Sanger sequencing in 152 English domestic cats, in order to determine the significance of matching DNA sequences between hairs found with a victim’s body and the suspect’s pet cat. Whilst 95% of English cats possessed one of the twelve globally widespread mitotypes, four new variants were observed, the most common of which (2% frequency) was shared with the evidential samples. No significant difference in mitotype frequency was seen between 32 individuals from the locality of the crime and 120 additional cats from the rest of England, suggesting a lack of local population structure. However, significant differences were observed in comparison with frequencies in other countries, including the closely neighbouring Netherlands, highlighting the importance of appropriate genetic databases when determining the evidential significance of mitochondrial DNA evidence.
Keywords: Domestic cat | Mitochondrial DNA | Sanger sequencing | Haplotype diversity | Mitotype | DNA database
مقاله انگلیسی
rss مقالات ترجمه شده rss مقالات انگلیسی rss کتاب های انگلیسی rss مقالات آموزشی
logo-samandehi
بازدید امروز: 8618 :::::::: بازدید دیروز: 0 :::::::: بازدید کل: 8618 :::::::: افراد آنلاین: 82