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A review of likelihood ratios in forensic science based on a critique of Stiffelman “No longer the Gold standard: Probabilistic genotyping is changing the nature of DNA evidence in criminal trials”
مروری بر نسبتهای احتمال در علم پزشکی قانونی براساس نقدی از استیفلمن "دیگر استاندارد طلا نیست: ژنوتیپ احتمالی در حال تغییر ماهیت شواهد DNA در محاکمات کیفری است"-2020 Stiffelman [1] gives a broad critique of the application of likelihood ratios (LRs) in forensic science, in
particular their use in probabilistic genotyping (PG) software. These are discussed in this review.
LRs do not infringe on the ultimate issue. The Bayesian paradigm clearly separates the role of the
scientist from that of the decision makers and distances the scientist from comment on the ultimate and
subsidiary issues. LRs do not affect the reasonable doubt standard. Fact finders must still make decisions based on all the
evidence and they must do this considering all evidence, not just that given probabilistically.
LRs do not infringe on the presumption of innocence. The presumption of innocence does not equate
with a prior probability of zero but simply that the person of interest (POI) is no more likely than anyone
else to be the donor.
Propositions need to be exhaustive within the context of the case. That is, propositions deemed
relevant by either defense or prosecution which are not fanciful must not be omitted from consideration. Keywords: Likelihood ratio | Reasonable doubt | Presumption of innocence | Exhaustiveness |
مقاله انگلیسی |
2 |
Raman spectroscopy for forensic semen identification: Method validation vs. environmental interferences
طیف سنجی رامان برای شناسایی منی پزشکی قانونی: اعتبار سنجی روش در مقابل تداخل های محیطی-2020 Proper identification of body fluids at crime scenes is imperative to forensic investigations, as they yield crucial
pieces of DNA evidence that lead to subsequent investigation resolution and criminal justice. Nevertheless, body
fluid identification can prove a burdensome process, as several ubiquitous substances found at crime scenes often
resemble the appearance of a specific body fluid. Therefore, it is extremely important to find a reliable method
for body fluid discovery and differentiation among other potential environmental inferences (EIs). In this study,
Raman spectroscopy was combined with advanced statistical analysis and used for semen identification. This
method has already been proven to be a powerful tool for characterization of body fluid traces for forensic
purposes. Twenty-seven EI substances that may (i) yield a false positive (FP) result on routine forensic tests for
semen and/or (ii) resemble a semen stain at a crime scene were examined. Raman spectra of EI substances were
compared to spectra of main body fluids: semen, blood, saliva, sweat, and vaginal fluid. The random forest
algorithm was utilized for differentiating between body fluids and EIs commonly found for semen traces. Using
the classification probability threshold of 70%, entire separation of classes was observed. None of the twentyseven
EI substances was classified as any body fluid. This confirms a great potential of Raman spectroscopy for
nondestructive and rapid identification of semen traces found at a crime scene. Keywords: Raman spectroscopy | Chemometrics | Semen identification | Forensics | Biological fluids | Environmental interferences |
مقاله انگلیسی |
3 |
Forensic touch DNA recovery from metal surfaces : A review
بازیابی DNA لمسی قانونی از سطوح فلزی : یک بررسی-2020 Trace evidence such as touch (also known as contact) DNA has probative value as a vital forensic investigative
tool that can lead to the identification and apprehension of a criminal. While the volume of touch DNA evidence
items submitted to forensic laboratories has significantly increased, recovery and amplification of DNA from
these items, especially from metal surfaces, remains challenging. Currently little is understood with regards to
the underlying mechanisms of metal-DNA interactions in the context of forensic science and how this may
impact on DNA recovery. An increased understanding of these mechanisms would allow optimisation of methods
to improve outcomes when sampling these materials. This paper reviews the basis of DNA binding to metal
substrates, the merits and limitations of current methods and future perspectives of improving recovery and
amplification of touch DNA from metal surfaces of forensic interest. Keywords: Forensic Science | Metals | touch DNA and/or contact DNA | direct PCR | Swabbing | Tape lifting | Bardole M-vac |
مقاله انگلیسی |
4 |
Bayesian networks and dissonant items of evidence: A case study
شبکه های بیزی و شواهد متفرق: یک مطالعه موردی-2020 The assessment of different items of evidence is a challenging process in forensic science, particularly when the
relevant elements support different inferential directions. In this study, a model is developed to assess the joint
probative value of three different analyses related to some biological material retrieved on an object of interest
in a criminal case. The study shows the ability of probabilistic graphical models, say Bayesian networks, to deal
with complex situations, those that one expects to face in real cases. The results obtained by the model show the
importance of a conflict measure as an indication of inconsistencies in the model itself. A contamination event
alleged by the defense is also introduced in the model to explain and solve the conflict. The study aims to give an
insight in the application of a probabilistic model to real criminal cases. Keywords: DNA evidence | Activity level interpretation | Bayesian networks | Conflict measure |
مقاله انگلیسی |
5 |
Must the random man be unrelated? A lingering misconception in forensic genetics
آیا انسان تصادفی باید بی ارتباط باشد؟ یک باور غلط طولانی مدت در ژنتیک پزشکی قانونی-2020 A nearly universal practice among forensic DNA scientists includes mentioning an unrelated person as
the possible alternative source of a DNA stain, when one in fact refers to an unknown person. Hence,
experts typically express their conclusions with statements like: “The probability of the DNA evidence is
X times higher if the suspect is the source of the trace than if another person unrelated to the suspect is
the source of the trace.” Published forensic guidelines encourage such allusions to the unrelated person.
However, as the authors show here, rational reasoning and population genetic principles do not require
the conditioning of the evidential value on the unrelatedness between the unknown individual and the
person of interest (e.g., a suspect). Surprisingly, this important semantic issue has been overlooked for
decades, despite its potential to mislead the interpretation of DNA evidence by criminal justice system
stakeholders. Keywords: DNA evidence | Fact-finder | Match probability | Relatedness | Semantics |
مقاله انگلیسی |
6 |
ForeStatistics: A windows-based feature-rich software program for performing statistics in forensic DNA analysis, paternity and relationship testing
ForeStatistics: یک برنامه نرم افزاری سرشار از ویژگی های ویندوز برای انجام آمار در تجزیه و تحلیل پزشکی قانونی ، اصلیت و آزمایش رابطه-2020 Forensic science is one of the most modern and applied fields of science, today and comprises of various
domains. These include Fingerprints analysis, Questioned document analysis, Forensic DNA and serology,
Anthropometry, Cyber and Digital forensics, and many other fields. All these fields aid the process of
decision making in the courts of law and legal settings; however, DNA profiling and its analyses are one of
the most important aspects of forensic science today. In Forensic DNA analysis, the statistical calculations
are very important to estimate the conclusiveness of DNA evidence in forensic cases; and to establish
paternity and relatedness in civil and criminal matters. These statistics, when performed manually, leave
a chance of error or ambiguity in the calculation, and are hectic and time-taking. Therefore, the
computer-aided approaches are opted in forensics to perform DNA statistics calculations. Keeping its
importance in mind, a highly accurate windows-based software program namely ForeStatistics is
proposed in this study. ForeStatistics is rich in features such as DNA statistical calculations, DNA profile
management and its matching. The software can estimate random match probabilities for single-source
profiles, combined probability of inclusion for mixed profiles, paternity index of a disputed child in duo
and trio cases, paternity of the disputed child when the alleged father is related to mother or biological
father and relatedness in cases of grandparents/grandchild, avuncular relation and cousin. It is validated
through different protocols and the validation of ForeStatistics depicts that it is highly accurate in terms
of performing DNA statistics or DNA profile matching. Thus, it is concluded, that ForeStatistics has a great
utility in the field of Forensic DNA analysis and can help DNA scientists, in performing various DNA
related statistics.accurately and very efficiently. Keywords: ForeStatistics | DNA statistics | Genotyping | RMP | CPI | Likelihood | Paternity | Kinship | Sibship |
مقاله انگلیسی |
7 |
Application of a mitochondrial DNA control region frequency database for UK domestic cats
کاربرد پایگاه داده فرکانس کنترل ناحیه ای DNA میتوکندری برای گربه های خانگی بریتانیا-2017 DNAvariation in 402 bp of the mitochondrial control region flanked by repeat sequences RS2 and RS3 was
evaluated by Sanger sequencing in 152 English domestic cats, in order to determine the significance of
matching DNA sequences between hairs found with a victim’s body and the suspect’s pet cat. Whilst 95%
of English cats possessed one of the twelve globally widespread mitotypes, four new variants were
observed, the most common of which (2% frequency) was shared with the evidential samples. No
significant difference in mitotype frequency was seen between 32 individuals from the locality of the
crime and 120 additional cats from the rest of England, suggesting a lack of local population structure.
However, significant differences were observed in comparison with frequencies in other countries,
including the closely neighbouring Netherlands, highlighting the importance of appropriate genetic
databases when determining the evidential significance of mitochondrial DNA evidence.
Keywords: Domestic cat | Mitochondrial DNA | Sanger sequencing | Haplotype diversity | Mitotype | DNA database |
مقاله انگلیسی |