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Intellectual disability rates among male prison inmates
میزان ناتوانی ذهنی در بین زندانیان مرد در زندان -2020 While only a small percentage of people with intellectual disabilities are responsible for criminal behaviors, the
literature points to their overrepresentation in prisons, although not enough attention has been paid to intellectual
disability data for inmates.
We retrieved studies – in English, Spanish, Italian or French and indexed in Medline between 2000 and 2018 –
that provided intellectual disability data for prisons collected by the administration of validated tests to male
inmates.
Identified were 13 studies involving more than 15,000 inmates referring to intellectual disability and borderline
intellectual disability. The general findings of our review corroborate the overrepresentation of people
with ID in prisons, although prevalence rates range widely, from as low as 1% to as high as 69.9%
(p<0.000001), reflecting to differences in methodology, in local, social and cultural factors and in judicial
procedures.
Published studies clearly underline the overrepresentation of people with intellectual disabilities in prisons,
differences between countries, the vulnerabilities of persons with intellectual disabilities and the need for proper
assessment and management policies in prisons worldwide. Keywords: Intellectual disabilities | Learning disabilities | Developmental disabilities | Prisoners | Prisons | Prevalence |
مقاله انگلیسی |
2 |
Severe developmental disability and the transition to adulthood
ناتوانی رشد شدید و انتقال به بزرگسالی-2020 Background: Developmental disabilities are serious and long-lasting. There are few studies of developmental
disability in the transition to adulthood, when the programs that provided support in childhood
may no longer be available.
Objective: We studied associations of long-lasting developmental disabilities with health, behaviors, and
well-being in adulthood.
Methods: We used the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (1968e2017), its Child Development Supplement
(CDS, 1997, 2002, 2007), and its Transition into Adulthood Supplement (TAS, every-other year, 2005
e2017) (n ¼ 2702) following a national sample from childhood through age 28, defining serious
developmental disabilities using diagnoses and reports from parents, teachers, schools, children, and
young adults. We tested differences in proportions using Chi-square tests, estimated differences in least
squares means, and used logistic regression to compare results for those with and without developmental
disabilities. We adjusted results for age, sex, race, immigrant status, family income, region,
metropolitan statistical area, educational attainment, and employment status, accounting for sampling
weights and survey design.
Results: At ages 18e21, 8.2% had serious developmental disability (95% confidence interval, CI 6.6e9.8).
They were more likely to report: no high school graduation (19.3% vs. 4.3%), being assaulted physically
(32.1% vs. 20.4%) or sexually (14.4% vs. 6.6%), serious criminal arrests (25.7% vs. 13.2%), smoking (30.8% vs.
12.8%), sedentariness (5.8% vs. 1.1%), obesity (39.2% vs. 23.4%), diabetes (9.1% vs. 2.1%), and work disability
(18.7% vs. 4.3%) (all p < 0.01) compared to peers without developmental disability.
Conclusions: Results indicate opportunities to promote education, self-direction, safety, and well-being
for people transitioning to adulthood with serious developmental disabilities. Keywords: Disability | Disparities | Developmental disability | Intellectual disability | Panel study of income dynamics |
مقاله انگلیسی |
3 |
The health of adolescents in detention: a global scoping review
سلامت نوجوانان در بازداشت: یک مرور در حوزه جهانی -2020 Adolescents detained within the criminal justice system are affected by complex health problems, health-risk behaviours,
and high rates of premature death. We did a global synthesis of the evidence regarding the health of this population. We
searched Embase, PsycINFO, Education Resources Information Center, PubMed, Web of Science, CINCH, Global
Health, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Campbell Library, the National Criminal Justice Reference
System Abstract Database, and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed journal articles, including reviews, that reported the
prevalence of at least one health outcome (physical, mental, sexual, infectious, and neurocognitive) in adolescents (aged
<20 years) in detention, and were published between Jan 1, 1980, and June 30, 2018. The reference lists of published
review articles were scrutinised for additional relevant publications. Two reviewers independently screened titles and
abstracts, and three reviewed full texts of relevant articles. The protocol for this Review was registered with PROSPERO
(CRD42016041392). 245 articles (204 primary research articles and 41 reviews) were included, with most primary
research (183 [90%]) done in high-income countries. A high lifetime prevalence of health problems, risks, and conditions
was reported in detained adolescents, including mental disorders (0–95%), substance use disorders (22–96%), selfharm
(12–65%), neurodevelopmental disabilities (2–47%), infectious diseases (0–34%), and sexual and reproductive
conditions (pregnant by age 19 years 20–37%; abnormal cervical screening test result 16%). Various physical and mental
health problems and health-risk behaviours are more common among adolescents in detention than among their peers
who have not been detained. As the social and structural drivers of poor health overlap somewhat with factors associated
with exposure to the criminal justice system, strategies to address these factors could help to reduce both rates of
adolescent detention and adolescent health inequalities. Improving the detection of mental and physical disorders,
providing appropriate interventions during detention, and optimising transitional health care after release from
detention could improve the health outcomes of these vulnerable young people. |
مقاله انگلیسی |
4 |
The role of therapeutic jurisprudence to support persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities in the courtroom: Reflections from Ontario, Canada
نقش فقه درمانی برای حمایت از افراد دارای معلولیت ذهنی و رشد و نمو در دادگاه: بازتاب از انتاریو، کانادا-2019 It is generally recognized that persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) are at greater risk
than the general population when they encounter the criminal justice systemdue to vulnerabilities such as cognition,
memory and language (Jones, 2007). To date, little evidence has been generated regarding best practice to
support persons with IDD in the criminal justice system, specifically the courtroom. Various models of problemsolving
courts have developed across Canada to divert cases composed of complex human social problems to
more appropriate community-based treatment and supports. Past Canadian authors have raised critical questions
that require reflection about the broader theory of Therapeutic Jurisprudence (TJ) and its current implementation
in problem-solving courts. Given the risk and vulnerabilities of persons with IDD in the criminal
justice system, problem-solving courts (specifically mental health courts) hold great promise to address some
of the unique needs of these individuals.We reflect on the critical questions raised by previous Canadian authors
regarding problem-solving courts and suggest some considerations that need to be addressed to maximize the
benefits of these courts for persons with IDD. Keywords: Therapeutic jurisprudence | Mental health courts | Intellectual disabilities |
مقاله انگلیسی |
5 |
Game-Based Auxiliary Training System for improving visual perceptual dysfunction in children with developmental disabilities: A proposed design and evaluation
سیستم آموزشی کمکی مبتنی بر بازی برای بهبود کارکرد نامناسب درک شهودی در بچه های دارای ناتوانی های رشدی: یک طراحی و بررسی پیشنهادی-2018 The main purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a Game-Based Auxiliary Training System (GBATS) in special education for improving visual perceptual dysfunction in children with developmental disabilities. The GBATS application program was designed in the first stage of the study. Sixty participants with visual perceptual dysfunction were then randomly assigned to either an experimental group or a control group (n = 30 each) to evaluate the effectiveness of the GBATS. The experimental group received the GBATS while the control group received the Conventional Visual Perceptual Training Program (CVPTP). Both the GBATS and CVPTP were administered in two 30-min sessions per week for 8 weeks. The post-intervention outcome measures were the Test of Visual Perceptual Skill, Third Edition, the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, and the School Function Assessment. At post-intervention, the GBATS group significantly outperformed the CVPTP group in all three measures. Specifically, children in the GBATS group showed significantly larger improvements in demonstrated benefit in improving visual perceptual function. The GBATS group also showed significantly larger improvements in adaptive behaviors and school functions. The present study shows that the GBATS can be used as a training program adjuvant to other rehabilitative interventions that have proven effective for treating visual perceptual dysfunction in children.
keywords: Media in education |Interactive learning environments |Teaching/learning strategies |
مقاله انگلیسی |