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The future of General Movement Assessment: The role of computer vision and machine learning – A scoping review
آینده ارزیابی جنبش عمومی: نقش بینایی رایانه و یادگیری ماشین - مروری بر محدوده-2021 Background: The clinical and scientific value of Prechtl general movement assessment (GMA) has
been increasingly recognised, which has extended beyond the detection of cerebral palsy
throughout the years. With advancing computer science, a surging interest in developing automated GMA emerges.
Aims: In this scoping review, we focused on video-based approaches, since it remains authentic to
the non-intrusive principle of the classic GMA. Specifically, we aimed to provide an overview of
recent video-based approaches targeting GMs; identify their techniques for movement detection
and classification; examine if the technological solutions conform to the fundamental concepts of
GMA; and discuss the challenges of developing automated GMA.
Methods and procedures: We performed a systematic search for computer vision-based studies on
GMs.
Outcomes and results: We identified 40 peer-reviewed articles, most (n = 30) were published
between 2017 and 2020. A wide variety of sensing, tracking, detection, and classification tools for
computer vision-based GMA were found. Only a small portion of these studies applied deep learning approaches. A comprehensive comparison between data acquisition and sensing setups
across the reviewed studies, highlighting limitations and advantages of each modality in performing automated GMA is provided.
Conclusions and implications: A “method-of-choice” for automated GMA does not exist. Besides
creating large datasets, understanding the fundamental concepts and prerequisites of GMA is
necessary for developing automated solutions. Future research shall look beyond the narrow field
of detecting cerebral palsy and open up to the full potential of applying GMA to enable an even
broader application. Keywords: Augmented general movement assessment | Automation | Cerebral palsy | Computer vision | Deep learning | Developmental disorder | Early detection | General movements | Infancy | Machine learning | Neurodevelopment | Pose estimation |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Conceptualising social and communication vulnerabilities among detainees in the criminal justice system
مفهوم سازی آسیب پذیری های اجتماعی و ارتباطی در بین بازداشت شدگان در سیستم دادرسی کیفری-2020 More people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are now being identified in the criminal justice
system, and in parallel with this increase, the prevalence of ASD in the community has risen more
than 150 % in the same time period. In this article, I will argue that this increase is due to a
reclassification of those individuals whose social, communicative and behavioural function is at
the lower end of the normal range. Put simply, extremes of these quantitative traits are now being
conceptualised as ‘disorder’. This has particular relevance for the criminal justice system as such
traits are over-represented in this population: as such, it is likely that increasing numbers of
people who are incarcerated will receive an ASD diagnosis. This will have major implications for
where best, and how best, to manage such individuals using a framework of ‘disorder’ versus
‘difference’. Keywords: Autism spectrum disorders | Neurodevelopmental disorders | Biology | Genetics | Psychopathology |
مقاله انگلیسی |
3 |
Juror decision-making in cases of rape involving high functioning Autistic persons
تصمیم گیری هیئت منصفه در موارد تجاوز جنسی شامل افراد اوتیستیک با عملکرد بالا-2020 Despite a plethora of research examining juror decision-making within cases of rape, very few studies have attempted to examine how the presence of a developmental disorder within a case can impact jurors decisions. Research shows that individuals diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are sometimes perceived more negatively (i.e. unempathetic) due to stigmatising beliefs associated with ASD. Thus, the present study sought toexamine whether individuals with ASD would be treated differently by jurors in court. Using mock-juror paradigms (N = 204) the present study aimed to explore whether the presence of high-functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) amongst either the defendant or claimant influenced juror decisions (guilt verdict, confidence inverdict, and believability towards the defendant and claimant) in cases of rape. The presence of ASD amongst either party failed to have an impact on juror decision-making and final guilt verdicts. However, female par- ticipants were more likely to believe the complainant than their male counterparts. Implications of the study and directions for future research are discussed. Keywords: Jury research | Autism | Rape | Juror |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Distinct Pathogenic Genes Causing Intellectual Disability and Autism Exhibit a Common Neuronal Network Hyperactivity Phenotype
ژنهای پاتوژن مشخص متمایز کننده ناتوانی ذهنی و اوتیسم از فنوتیپ بیش فعالی شبکه عصبی مشترک-2020 Pathogenic mutations in either one of the epigenetic
modifiers EHMT1, MBD5, MLL3, or SMARCB1 have
been identified to be causative for Kleefstra syndrome
spectrum (KSS), a neurodevelopmental disorder
with clinical features of both intellectual disability
(ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To understand
how these variants lead to the phenotypic
convergence in KSS, we employ a loss-of-function
approach to assess neuronal network development
at the molecular, single-cell, and network activity
level. KSS-gene-deficient neuronal networks all
develop into hyperactive networks with altered
network organization and excitatory-inhibitory balance.
Interestingly, even though transcriptional
data reveal distinct regulatory mechanisms, KSS
target genes share similar functions in regulating
neuronal excitability and synaptic function, several
of which are associated with ID and ASD. Our results
show that KSS genes mainly converge at the level of
neuronal network communication, providing insights
into the pathophysiology of KSS and phenotypically
congruent disorders. |
مقاله انگلیسی |
5 |
In Vitro Differentiated Human Stem Cell-Derived Neurons Reproduce Synaptic Synchronicity Arising during Neurodevelopment
سلولهای عصبی مشتق شده از سلولهای بنیادی سلولهای بنیادی بدن در شرایط in vitro تولید مثل سینکروتیک سیناپسی ناشی از توسعه عصبی-2020 Neurons differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) typically show regular spiking and synaptic activity but lack more
complex network activity critical for brain development, such as periodic depolarizations including simultaneous involvement of glutamatergic
and GABAergic neurotransmission.We generated human iPSC-derived neurons exhibiting spontaneous oscillatory activity after
cultivation of up to 6 months, which resembles early oscillations observed in rodent neurons. This behavior was found in neurons
generated using a more ‘‘native’’ embryoid body protocol, in contrast to a ‘‘fast’’ protocol based on NGN2 overexpression. A comparison
with published data indicates that EB-derived neurons reach the maturity of neurons of the third trimester and NGN2-derived neurons of
the second trimester of human gestation. Co-culturing NGN2-derived neurons with astrocytes only led to a partial compensation and did
not reliably induce complex network activity. Our data will help selection of the appropriate iPSC differentiation assay to address specific
questions related to neurodevelopmental disorders |
مقاله انگلیسی |
6 |
Immature Dentate Granule Cells Require Ntrk2/Trkb for the Formation of Functional Hippocampal Circuitry
سلولهای گرانول دندانی دفع نشده مورد نیاز به Ntrk2 / Trkb برای تشکیل مدار عملکردی هیپوکامپ -2020 Early in brain development, impaired neuronal signaling during time-sensitive
windows triggers the onset of neurodevelopmental disorders. GABA, through
its depolarizing and excitatory actions, drives early developmental events
including neuronal circuit formation and refinement. BDNF/TrkB signaling cooperates
with GABA actions. How these developmental processes influence the formation
of neural circuits and affect adult brain function is unknown. Here, we
show that early deletion of Ntrk2/Trkb from immature mouse hippocampal dentate
granule cells (DGCs) affects the integration and maturation of newly formed
DGCs in the hippocampal circuitry and drives a premature shift from depolarizing
to hyperpolarizing GABAergic actions in the target of DGCs, the CA3 principal
cells of the hippocampus, by reducing the expression of the cation-chloride
importer Nkcc1. These changes lead to the disruption of early synchronized
neuronal activity at the network level and impaired morphological maturation
of CA3 pyramidal neurons, ultimately contributing to altered adult hippocampal
synaptic plasticity and cognitive processes. |
مقاله انگلیسی |
7 |
Role of deep learning in infant brain MRI analysis
نقش یادگیری عمیق در تجزیه و تحلیل MRI مغز نوزادان-2019 Deep learning algorithms and in particular convolutional networks have shown tremendous success in medical
image analysis applications, though relatively few methods have been applied to infant MRI data due numerous
inherent challenges such as inhomogenous tissue appearance across the image, considerable image intensity
variability across the first year of life, and a low signal to noise setting. This paper presents methods addressing
these challenges in two selected applications, specifically infant brain tissue segmentation at the isointense stage
and presymptomatic disease prediction in neurodevelopmental disorders. Corresponding methods are reviewed
and compared, and open issues are identified, namely low data size restrictions, class imbalance problems, and
lack of interpretation of the resulting deep learning solutions. We discuss how existing solutions can be adapted
to approach these issues as well as how generative models seem to be a particularly strong contender to address
them. Keywords: MRI | Infant MRI | Machine learning | Deep learning | Convolutional neural networks | Isointense segmentation | Prediction |
مقاله انگلیسی |
8 |
Dissociating intuitive physics from intuitive psychology: Evidence from Williams syndrome
جداکردن بصری فیزیک از سوی روانشناسی بصری :شواهد از سندرم ویلیامز-2017 Prior work suggests that our understanding of how things work (‘‘intuitive physics”) and how people work
(‘‘intuitive psychology”) are distinct domains of human cognition. Here we directly test the dissociability
of these two domains by investigating knowledge of intuitive physics and intuitive psychology in adults
with Williams syndrome (WS) – a genetic developmental disorder characterized by severely impaired
spatial cognition, but relatively spared social cognition. WS adults and mental-age matched (MA) controls
completed an intuitive physics task and an intuitive psychology task. If intuitive physics is a distinct
domain (from intuitive psychology), then we should observe differential impairment on the physics task
for individuals with WS compared to MA controls. Indeed, adults with WS performed significantly worse
on the intuitive physics than the intuitive psychology task, relative to controls. These results support the
hypothesis that knowledge of the physical world can be disrupted independently from knowledge of the
social world.
Keywords: Naïve physics | Naïve psychology | Williams-Beuren syndrome (WS) | Social perception | Physical reasoning |
مقاله انگلیسی |
9 |
تعامل ژنها و هورمونهای جنسی در اختلالات قابل رشد اعصاب
سال انتشار: 2016 - تعداد صفحات فایل pdf انگلیسی: 16 - تعداد صفحات فایل doc فارسی: 54 شیوع، مدت آغاز و نشانههای بسیاری از اختلالات اعصاب به شدت بین جنسیتها متفاوت است. این مطالعه به بررسی گرایشات جنسی در اختلالات اعصاب انسانی و در مدلهای معتبر حیوان میپردازد. بر روی اختلالات دارای منشأ ژنتیکی مثل علائم Rett، اختلالات مربوط به CDKL5، نشانهی بیثباتی X تمرکز میشود. اوتیسم نیز ترسیم شده، نقش ایدهآل آن به عنوان اختلال اعصاب و جنسیت محور ارائه میگردد. بررسی آثار اثبات مینماید که تعامل پیچیده بین عوامل ژنتیکی و هورمونهای جنسی ممکن است که زیربنای حساسیت متفاوت جنسیتها بود و بر شدت نشانهها در اکثر اختلالات قابل رشد اعصاب تأثیر بگذارد. گرچه به مطالعات اضافی ترسیمگر مزیتها و زیانهای ایجاد و پدیدار شده توسط جنسیت زیستی در این طبقه از اختلالات جهت جدا کردن مکانیزمهای اساسی نیاز است اما نتایج فعلی نشان میدهند که ممکن است تغییر کانالهای مربوط به استروئید جنسیت ترسیمگر دستاوردی جدید برای این بیماریها باشد.
در حال حاضر به تلاش زیادی نیاز است تا کارایی درمان نسبی داروها با هدف تنظیم مسیرهای مربوط به هورمونهای جنسی در اختلالات اعصاب با منشأ ژنتیکی روشن شود.
واژگان کلیدی: استرادیول | استروژنها | آندروژن | استروئید فعال اعصابی | MeCP2 | FMRP | 21 تریسومی | ریلین | واکنش | مدلهای حیوان. |
مقاله ترجمه شده |
10 |
Expert evidence in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder cases
شواهد کارشناس در موارد اختلال طیف الکل جنینی-2016 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is an umbrella term relating to a set of disorders, including Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (pFAS), Alcohol
Related Developmental Disorder (ARND) and Alcohol Related Birth Defects (ARBD). Each disorder
is pervasive and life-long, resulting from prenatal exposure to alcohol (PEA). While the incidence
of FASDs remains debatable, it may well be in the region of 1% of the population in countries
such as Canada, New Zealand and Australia. They have been disproportionately identified in
persons from an indigenous background in a number of countries. In addition, FASDs are present
in significant numbers amongst persons who are charged with criminal offences and who are
sentenced to imprisonment, especially young offenders. Understandably, as FASDs continue to
be attended by a level of diagnostic uncertainty, they have been significantly under-diagnosed.
They can easily be mistaken for other disorders, especially in the context of comorbidities.
However, their relevance in the forensic context in terms of reduced culpability for criminal
offending and problematic capacity to respond to interviewing by persons in authority, such
as police, is significant but in many instances subtle. In addition, the potential for FASDs to
be misinterpreted on the basis of persons with FASDs appearing ‘normal’ is significant. Thus,
mental health professionals who assess persons charged with criminal offenders have an important role in identifying FASD symptomatology and, where necessary, referring such offenders
for specialist assessment. Those who provide FASD assessments to the courts need not only to educate judicial officers about the phenomenology of FASDs but about how in the particular scenario a FASD may have forensic relevance, in the sense of having played a role in the offender’s
criminal offending and in relation to how the offender is likely to fare in a custodial environment. As there are different forms of FASDs and as their symptomatology varies significantly in
nature and severity, it is incumbent upon assessors to provide offender-specific assistance to
courts, sometimes incorporating counter-intuitive information. Judicial officers are increasingly
receiving submissions about FASDs in many countries, especially in respect of offenders from
First Nations. The quality of such evidence has been variable and there have been occasions
when courts have not received the assistance they have required. Some have become experts in
the area; others have little knowledge about the issues. However, international case law, based
upon expert assessments from psychiatrists and psychologists, has evolved substantially since
2000. There is now a significant body of sentencing law, in particular, upon which advocates can
draw and judicial officers can rely, based upon expert opinions provided by mental health assessors, when imposing sentences upon offenders with FASDs. This article reviews important and
illustrative examples of such law from Canada, England, New Zealand and Australia. It argues
that this corpus of legal authority now provides constructive guidance for FASD cases, and that
it should be utilized to enhance forensic FASD assessments and judicial decision-making about
offenders with FASDs.
KEYWORDS: Expert evidence | Brain injury | Developmental delay | Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder | FASD | FAS | Police interviews | Sentencing | Criminal responsibility |
مقاله انگلیسی |