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Digital extraction: Blockchain traceability in mineral supply chains
استخراج دیجیتال: قابلیت ردیابی بلاکچین در زنجیره های تأمین مواد معدنی-2021 Digital data — including technologically-mediated data generated by blockchain-enabled traceability — is performing an increasingly integral role in extractive operations, but scarce attention has been paid to the structuring effect of these digital technologies or the socio-economic spatiality of data-driven mining operations. Drawing on extensive qualitative research (interviews, participant observation, and two sets of survey data among actors relevant to these mineral supply chains), this article advances the notion of “digital extraction” todescribe the collection, analysis, and instrumentalization of digital data generated under the banner of blockchain-based due diligence, chain of custody certifications, and various transparency mechanisms, situated alongside and in support of mineral extraction. The article mobilizes concepts from political geography and political ecology to argue that digital technologies of traceability in extractive processes potentially create new forms of control and exclusion or exacerbate existing social, political, and territorial dispossession through asymmetric relations of power and knowledge in mineral supply chains. Despite industry efforts to make mineral supply chains more sustainable by resorting to digital certification and traceability, the strategic uses of un- certainty, ignorance, and ambiguity undergirding blockchain-enabled traceability systems fail to challenge existing inequalities in resource use and access or fulfill the promise of transparency and accountability. Keywords: Blockchain | Traceability | Mining | Digital extraction | Certification | Digital technology | Political ecology |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Deep learning and computer vision: Two promising pillars, powering the future in orthodontics
یادگیری عمیق و بینایی ماشین: دو ستون امیدوارکننده ، که آینده را در ارتودنسی تقویت می کند-2021 Currently, advances and affordability in digital data have increased the
demand for expedite and automate several diagnostic and clinical tasks.
In this regard, Artificial Intelligence is an extraordinary tool destined to
support diagnosis, treatment plan and prognosis and to monitoring the
progresses of orthodontic treatments. This paper is intended to help
orthodontists in getting familiar with and to provide a breakdown of several of the pioneering applications of AI with special regard to Deep Learning and Computer Vision in orthodontics for continued innovation. (Semin
Orthod 2021; 27:62–68) © 2021 Published by Elsevier Inc.
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مقاله انگلیسی |
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Customer information resources advantage, marketing strategy and business performance: A market resources based view
مزیت منابع اطلاعاتی مشتری ، استراتژی بازاریابی و عملکرد تجاری: نمای مبتنی بر منابع بازار-2020 Chief among a firms market-based resources are its relational resources such as brand equity, customer equity
and channel equity that result from its interactions with customers and marketing intermediaries, and intellectual
resources – accumulated knowledge about entities in the market environment such as consumers, end
use and intermediate customers and competitors. In the evolving digital data rich market environment, customer-
based resources, a subset of a firms market-based resources, are becoming increasingly important as
potential sources of competitive advantage. Customer information assets refer to information of economic value
about customers owned by a firm. Information analysis capabilities are complex bundles of skills and knowledge
embedded in a firms organizational processes employed to generate customer knowledge from customer information
assets. Customer insights or knowledge is a firms extent of understanding of customers that informs its
business decisions. Building on the resource-based, capabilities-based and knowledge-based views of the firm,
resource advantage theory of competition, and the outside-in and inside-out approaches to strategy, this article
presents a market resources-based view of strategy, competitive advantage and performance. The article presents
a framework delineating the relationship between a firms customer information based resources, marketing
strategy and performance, and discusses implications for theory, research and practice. Keywords: Competitive advantage | Market based resources | Customer information based resources | Customer insights | Outside-in and inside-out approaches to | strategy |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Dead ringers? Legal persons and the deceased in European data protection law
زنگ های مرده؟ اشخاص حقوقی و متوفی در قانون حفاظت از داده های اروپا-2020 Notwithstanding suggestions that the concrete treatment of legal and deceased person data
during European data protection’s development has been broadly comparable, this article
finds that stark divergences are in fact apparent. Justification for the inclusion of both categories has rested on a claimed linkage to living natural person interests. However, despite
early fusion, legal persons have been increasingly seen to have qualitatively different information entitlements compared to natural persons, thereby leaving European data protection with a very limited and indirect role here. In contrast, living natural persons and the
deceased have not been conceived as normatively dichotomous and since the 1990s there
has been growing interest both in establishing sui generis direct protection for deceased person data and also indirect inclusion through a link with living natural persons. Whilst the
case for some indirect inclusion is overwhelming, a broad approach to the inter-relational
nature of data risks further destabilizing the personal data concept even in relation to living persons alone. Given that jurisdictions representing almost half of the EEA’s population
now provide some direct protection and the challenges of managing digital data on death
continue to grow, the time may be ripe for a ‘soft’ recommendation on direct protection in
this area. Drawing on existing law and scholarship, such a recommendation could seek to
specify the role of both specific control rights and diffuse confidentiality obligations, the criteria for time-limits in each case and the need for a balance with other rights and interests
which recognises the significantly decreasing interest in protection over time.
Keywords: Companies | Confidentiality | Personal data | Privacy | Testamentary interests | Reputation |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Digital Evidence Certainty Descriptors (DECDs)
توصیف کنندگان قطعیت شواهد دیجیتال (DECD)-2020 Whilst many other traditional forensic science disciplines are encouraged to describe the weight of their
evidence in some form of quantifiable measurement/expression, this is rarely done in digital forensics.
There are calls to rectify this situation, suggesting that the field should begin to develop more robust,
scientific methods for evaluating the digital evidence presented by its practitioners. Whilst such a
recommendation carries a number of potential benefits, caution must be exercised as at present there are
no available satisfactory methods for achieving this. This work suggests that attaining such methods may
not actually be possible due to the intricacies of digital data and the difficulties involved with the finegrained
interpretation of events. As a result it is argued that attempts to quantify any uncertainty should
be abandoned in favour of methods which reliably describe when uncertainty exists and in what capacity.
Here, the Digital Evidence Certainty Descriptors (DECDs) framework is offered as a method for
conveying when uncertainty exists in a set of digital findings. The DECDs framework is discussed and
applied to working examples to demonstrate the difficulties involved with determining the authenticity
of a given hypothesis regarding digital evidence. Keywords: Digital forensics | Digital evidence | Likelihood | Uncertainty | Criminal investigation |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Blockchain governance: The missing piece in the competition puzzle
حاکمیت بلاکچین: قطعه گمشده در پازل رقابت-2020 Antitrust law deals with economic matters as if they were all industrial processes, that is, processes through which companies transform inputs into outputs. In this sense, we could say that antitrust law is still a Nineteenth Century law, even when it comes to platforms that transform digital data into services.
For this reason, when we look at blockchains through the lenses of antitrust law, they are either framed as the result of an industrial process (the blockchain as an output) or as a means that allows the development of an industrial process (the blockchain as a tool). However, these two pieces do not complete the puzzle: they do not say much about the competitive impact of blockchains. Studying the operating mechanisms of blockchains and, in particular, their governance, one realizes that the puzzle must acquire a new piece: the information on who controls the blockchain. This piece of information reveals that even dominant blockchains, which are still nowhere to be seen, could be harmless if truly devoid of any central authority and that even strategic exchanges of information via permissioned blockchains should not trigger any antitrust liability, if blockchains’ administrators man- aged to allow the exchange only among non-competing participants.© 2021 Mariateresa Maggiolino and Laura Zoboli. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rightsreserved. Keywords: Competition law | Blockchain | Blockchain Governance | Market power | Collusion |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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A 2020 perspective on “How to derive causal insights for digital commerce in China? A research commentary on computational social science methods”
دیدگاه 2020 با عنوان "چگونه می توان بینش علّی در مورد تجارت دیجیتال در چین به دست آورد؟ تفسیر پژوهشی در مورد روشهای علوم اجتماعی محاسباتی "-2020 Cyber-physical data from wearable and other data-sensing devices have been rapidly changing the landscape of
opportunity for the conduct of computational social science (CSS) studies. We now have the opportunity to
include in our research wearable healthcare data sensors, global positioning system (GPS) data, as well as a
range of other digital data via mobile phones and other kinds of easily deployed sensors. The result is a dramatic
new set of measurement opportunities for management scientists, marketing research staff, and policy analysts,
who can now apply a range of approaches to such data capture and analysis, including machine learning of
patterns, and causal inference methods for relevant policy analytics conclusions. Keywords: Causal inference | Computational social science (CSS) | Cyber-physical sensing | Data analytics | Machine learning | Wearable devices |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Public key digital contents confidentiality scheme based on quantum spin and finite state automation
طرح محرمانه بودن محتویات دیجیتالی کلید عمومی مبتنی بر چرخش کوانتومی و اتوماسیون حالت محدود-2019 Numerous encryption plans are legitimately founded on the transformation of frameworks
or by characterizing the strict guidelines. Most of the security systems are
based on mathematical structures and their applications in diverse applied sciences.
We propose here an advanced digital contents confidentiality scheme to simulate the
phenomenon rather than creating rigid rules. We operate digital data trailed by quantum
spin states for specific phase and finite state machine for limited number of rounds. The
extent of the presented article revolves around the development and deployment of
public key cryptosystem basis on the concepts of quantum spin states and finite state
machine effectively. Both states (spin and finite state machine) provide the high degree
of naturalness contrasted with ordinary cryptosystem. Keywords: Information security | Digital contents privacy | Public key cryptography | Image encryption | Quantum cryptography | Quantum spin states | Finite state machine applications in | information security |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Implementing healthcare services on a large scale: Challenges and reme dies based on blockchain technology
اجرای خدمات مراقبت های بهداشتی در مقیاس گسترده: چالش ها و مرگ و میرها براساس فناوری بلاکچین -2019 The accessibility of electronic healthcare data is necessary for effective treatment, policy decisions, and healthcare information exchange. Due to the intangibility of digital data, healthcare information is also prone to privacy-breach and security attacks. Further, the importance of immutability and privacy of healthcare data becomes colossal when a nationwide healthcare and wellness scheme is planned to be implemented. Providing quality healthcare services to such an enormous population size is challenging and requires proper technological infrastructure. The cooperation from the society is equally important to lay such a copious architecture on which the healthcare services should seamlessly run. Objective: To assess the social and technical challenges that lie ahead in implementing large-scale com- prehensive healthcare services and suggest a technology-intervening solution to serve the society at large. Method: This study considers India’s National Health Policy (2017) initiatives. The social and technical hurdles in implementation of the schemes are discussed, and AarogyaChain, a Blockchain technology- based solution is proposed to eliminate the health policy implementation hiccups. Result: We find that the scalability is a primary concern in implementing healthcare services on blockchain at such a large scale. We experimented by creating a blockchain and found that the system throughput is a function of the number of special nodes called ordering nodes, and a trade-offis required to balance between time-to-commit and system’s fault tolerance. Conclusion: Blockchain provides a secure and transparent system of integrated healthcare services that keeps patients at the center and provides for corruption intolerant and efficient implementation of na- tionwide health-insurance programs. Keywords: Blockchain | EHR | Health policy | Decentralized computing | Corruption intolerance | Health insurance | Hyper ledger fabric |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Conceptual frameworks for social and cultural Big Data analytics: Answering the epistemological challenge
چارچوب مفهومی برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده های بزرگ اجتماعی و فرهنگی : پاسخ به چالش معرفت شناختی-2019 This paper aims to contribute to the development of tools to support an analysis of Big Data as manifestations of social
processes and human behaviour. Such a task demands both an understanding of the epistemological challenge posed by
the Big Data phenomenon and a critical assessment of the offers and promises coming from the area of Big Data analytics.
This paper draws upon the critical social and data scientists’ view on Big Data as an epistemological challenge that stems
not only from the sheer volume of digital data but, predominantly, from the proliferation of the narrow-technological and
the positivist views on data. Adoption of the social-scientific epistemological stance presupposes that digital data was
conceptualised as manifestations of the social. In order to answer the epistemological challenge, social scientists need to
extend the repertoire of social scientific theories and conceptual frameworks that may inform the analysis of the social in
the age of Big Data. However, an ‘epistemological revolution’ discourse on Big Data may hinder the integration of the
social scientific knowledge into the Big Data analytics.
Keywords: Social and cultural Big Data analytics | social science | computational science | epistemological challenge | social media |
مقاله انگلیسی |