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An internet of energy framework with distributed energy resources, prosumers and small-scale virtual power plants: An overview
اینترنت چارچوب انرژی با منابع انرژی توزیع شده ، پیشرانها و نیروگاه های مجازی در مقیاس کوچک: یک مرور کلی-2020 Current power networks and consumers are undergoing a fundamental shift in the way traditional energy systems
were designed and managed. The bidirectional peer-to-peer (P–P) energy transactions pushed passive
consumers to be prosumers. The future smart grid or the internet of energy (IoE) will facilitate the coordination
of all types of prosumers to form virtual power plants (VPP). The paper aims to contribute to this growing area of
research by accumulating and summarizing the significant ideas of the integration of distributed prosumers and
small-scale VPP to the internet of energy (IoE). The study also reports the characteristics of IoE in comparison to
the traditional grid and offers some valuable insights into the control, management and optimization strategies of
prosumers, distributed energy resources (DERs) and VPP. As bidirectional P–P energy transaction by the prosumers
is a crucial element of IoE, their management strategies including various demand-response approach at
the customers’-levels are systematically summarized. The integration of DERs and prosumers to the VPP
considering their functions, infrastructure, type, control objectives are also reviewed and summarized. Various
optimization techniques and algorithm, and their objectives functions and the types of mathematical formulation
that are used to manage the DERs and VPP are discussed and categorized systematically. Finally, the factors
which affect the integration of DERs and prosumers to the VPP are identified. Keywords: Bidirectional energy transactions | Distributed energy resources | Energy management | Internet of energy | Optimization techniques | Prosumers | Virtual power plant |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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A contingency based energy management strategy for multi-microgrids considering battery energy storage systems and electric vehicles
یک استراتژی مدیریت انرژی مبتنی بر شرایط احتمالی برای چند میکروگرید با توجه به سیستم های ذخیره انرژی باتری و وسایل نقلیه الکتریکی-2020 The emergence of microgrids along with extending the use of new energy resources, energy storage systems and
electric vehicles at distribution level has changed traditional distribution systems into multi-microgrids (MMGs)
which are usually more stable and reliable. For an MMG system, the probability of a fault occurrence at each
time period makes the system operation process more complex. From this point of view, this paper aims at
proposing a coordinated energy management strategy for optimal operation of MMG systems using a variable
weighted multi-objective function. Based on this method, in the case of occurrence of a contingency problem,
multiple operators are able to change the weight of functions depending on contingencies and are responsible for
the proper use of energy storage systems and other distributed energy resources. Moreover, an efficient optimization
algorithm called targeted search shuffled complex evolution is proposed to quickly optimize decision
parameters during faulted and normal operation modes. Finally, a unified framework is presented to implement
the proposed energy management strategy along with the reliability study of the intended test system, and the
ability of the proposed approach is investigated in a modified reliability-based case study by considering different
scenarios Keywords: Energy management strategy | Energy storage systems | Electric vehicles (EVs) | Multi-microgrid (MMG) | Optimization | Shuffled complex evolution |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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A new stochastic gain adaptive energy management system for smart microgrids considering frequency responsive loads
یک دستاورد تصادفی جدید سیستم مدیریت انرژی تطبیقی برای میکروگریدهای هوشمند با توجه به بارهای پاسخگو فرکانس-2020 Islanded microgrids as flexible, adaptive and sustainable smart cells of distribution power systems
should be operated in accordance to both techno-economic purposes. Motivated by this need, the
microgrid operators are in charge to elevate the active accommodation of both demand-side and
supply-side distributed energy resources. To that end, in this paper, a new flexible frequency dependent
energy management system is proposed through which distributed generators have time varying
droop controllers with a gain-adaptive strategy. Besides to cope economically with uncertainty arise
frequency excursions, a new, comfort-aware and versatile frequency dependent demand response
program is mathematically formulated and conducted to the energy management system. It is aimed to
co-optimize the microgrid energy resources such a way the day-ahead operational costs are managed
subject to a secure frequency control portfolio. The presented model is solved using a two-stage
stochastic programming and by a tractable efficient mixed integer linear programming approach. The
simulation results are derived in 24-h scheduling time horizon and implemented on a typical test
microgrid. The effectiveness of the proposed hourly gain assignment and frequency responsive load
management program has been verified thoroughly by analyzing the results. Keywords: Hierarchical control structure | Islanded microgrids | Droop gain scheduling | Frequency responsive loads | Two-stage stochastic optimization |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Optimum management of power and energy in low voltage microgrids using evolutionary algorithms and energy storage
مدیریت بهینه انرژی و برق در ریز شبکه های ولتاژ کم با استفاده از الگوریتم های تکاملی و ذخیره انرژی-2020 Microgrids are subsystems in which some loads and distributed energy resources are controlled in a coordinated
manner. In recent years, microgrids have been proposed as a solution to enhance critical infrastructures’ resilience
and the integration of distributed energy resources. There are many solutions on microgrid planning, as
well as some practical experience on microgrids’ implementation. However, choosing microgrid optimal control
strategy is strongly related to the individual structure, components and configuration of microgrid. Among
others, the advantages of microgrids include improved energy efficiencies, minimized operating costs and improved
environmental impacts. Achieving these targets necessitates optimal control of all energy components in
the microgrid. Main contribution of this paper are two control strategies of power and energy management for
synchronous microgrid operation, which have been analyzed for a specific low voltage microgrid configuration.
The first strategy reduces power and energy losses, thus improving the entire microgrid system’s efficiency. The
second minimizes operating costs. An evolutionary algorithm was developed to control the components of the
microgrid, including e.g. micro-sources and energy storage. The method of technical and economic energy
storage system sizing for microgrid optimal operation is also proposed. Keywords: Battery energy storage unit | Distributed generation | Evolutionary algorithm | Microgrid optimization | Power and energy management |
مقاله انگلیسی |
5 |
A quasi-optimal energy resources management technique for low voltage microgrids
یک روش مدیریت انرژی شبه بهینه برای ریز شبکه های ولتاژ پایین-2020 The increasing penetration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in modern power systems is introducing new
challenges for system stability and control. The stochasticity of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) and the unpredictable
behaviour of demand, make it necessary to develop intelligent Energy Resources Management (ERM)
methodology, able to actively regulate the actors of the electrical network. This paper proposes a new quasioptimal
control algorithm, designed for LV breaker devices, aiming to manage DERs in a distributed and scalable
approach. The developed ERM technique is able: (1) to control the energy consumption at the Point of Common
Coupling (PCC) (with the possibility to join Active Demand Response (ADR) programs or to provide flexibility/
energy reserve), when the microgrid itself is connected to the main grid; (2) to control the frequency profile
when the microgrid is operating in islanded mode, using information provided by real time measures. Keywords: Energy resources management | Distributed energy resources | Microgrid | Microgrid optimization | Demand response | Flexibility provision | Frequency control |
مقاله انگلیسی |
6 |
یک مدل بهینه سازی کارآمد برای تعهد واحد و اعزام سیستم های چند انرژی و ریز شبکه-2020 Multi-energy systems and microgrids can play an important role in increasing the efficiency of distributed energy
systems and favoring an increasing penetration from renewable sources, by serving as control hubs for the
optimal management of Distributed Energy Resources. Predictive operation planning via Mixed Integer Linear
Programming is an effective way of tackling the optimal management of these systems. However, the uncertainty
of demand and renewable production forecasts can hinder the optimality of the scheduling solution and even
lead to outages. This paper proposes a new Affinely Adjustable Robust Formulation of the day-ahead scheduling
problem for a generic multi-energy system/microgrid subject to multiple uncertainty factors. Piece-wise linear
decision rules are considered in the robust formulation, and their potential use for real-time control is assessed.
Novel features include an ad hoc characterization of the polyhedral uncertainty space aimed at reducing solution
conservativeness, aggregation of uncertain factors and partial-past recourse which allows speeding up the
computational time. The advantages and limitations of the Affinely Adjustable Robust Formulation are thoroughly
discussed and quantified through artificial and real-world test cases. The comparison with a conventional
deterministic approach shows that, despite the limitations of the affine decision rules, the adjustable robust
formulation can ensure full system reliability while attaining at the same time better performance Keywords: Energy Management System | Robust Optimization | Combined Heat and Power | Multi Energy System | Uncertain Scheduling Optimization | Off-grid Microgrid |
مقاله انگلیسی |
7 |
An integrated tool for optimal energy scheduling and power quality improvement of a microgrid under multiple demand response schemes
ابزاری یکپارچه برای برنامه ریزی بهینه انرژی و بهبود کیفیت انرژی ریز شببکه تحت برنامه های پاسخگویی به تقاضای چندگانه-2020 This paper presents an integrated tool to mitigate power quality issues in a microgrid through coordinating the
operating schedule of its generating resources and loads. Such a microgrid includes renewable and conventional
distributed energy resources, electric vehicles, energy storage, linear and nonlinear loads, while it serves as an
example small-to-medium scale residential and commercial buildings. The proposed tool operates on a sequential,
two-stage basis: at the first stage the energy management system (EMS) ensures that the microgrid’s
generation resources and loads are dispatched at the minimum total system cost. In addition, it assesses the
potential provision of flexibility services towards the system operator, relying on financially incentivized power
signal requests. At the second stage, the power quality (PQ) framework evaluates whether the proposed optimal
solution complies or not with several PQ standards applicable to the distribution level. The unique characteristic
of the proposed tool is the self-triggered interaction between the EMS and the PQ framework, which identifies
potential PQ violations, and restores the PQ indices to acceptable levels through an iterative process. Case
studies have been performed with realistic model parameters to verify the performance of the proposed integrated
tool. The obtained results demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm in managing voltage deviations,
voltage unbalance, as well as harmonic distortions with a small additional cost for the total system. Keywords: Buildings-to-grid integration | Energy management system | Harmonic distortion | Optimization | Power quality | Smart grid |
مقاله انگلیسی |
8 |
A residential energy management system with bi-level optimization-based bidding strategy for day-ahead bi-directional electricity trading
یک سیستم مدیریت انرژی مسکونی با استراتژی مناقصه مبتنی بر بهینه سازی دو سطح برای تجارت برق دو طرفه پیش رو-2020 Bi-directional electricity trading of demand response (DR) and transactive energy (TE) frameworks allows the
traditionally passive end-users of electricity to play an active role in the local power balance of the grid.
Appropriate building energy management systems (BEMSs), coupled with an optimized bidding strategy, can
provide significant cost savings for prosumers (consumers with on-site power generation and/or storage facility)
when they participate in such bi-directional trading. This paper presents a BEMS with an optimization-based
scheduling and bidding strategy for small-scale residential prosumers to determine optimal day-ahead energyquantity
bids considering the expected cost of real-time imbalance trading under uncertainty. The proposed
scheduling and bidding strategy is formulated as a stochastic bi-level minimization problem that determines the
day-ahead energy-quantity bids by minimizing the energy cost in the upper level considering expected cost of
uncertainty, whereas a number of lower-level sub-problems ensure optimal operation of building loads and
distributed energy resources (DERs) for comfort reservation, minimization of consumers’ inconveniences and
degradation of residential storage units. A modified decomposition method is used to reformulate the nonlinear
bi-level problem as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem and solved using ‘of the shelf’ commercial
software. The effectiveness of the proposed BEMS model is verified via case studies for a residential
prosumer in Sydney, Australia with real measurement data for building energy demand. The efficacy of the
proposed method for overall financial savings is also validated by comparing its performance with state-of-theart
day-ahead scheduling strategies. Case studies indicate that the proposed method can provide up to 51% and
22% cost savings compared to inflexible non-optimal scheduling strategies and deterministic optimization-based
methods respectively. Results also indicate that the proposed method offers better economic performance than
standard cost minimization models and multi-objective methods for simultaneous minimization of energy cost
and user inconveniences. Keywords: Demand response | Building energy management system | Distributed energy resources | Mixed-integer programming | Bi-level optimization |
مقاله انگلیسی |
9 |
A distributed Peer-to-Peer energy transaction method for diversified prosumers in Urban Community Microgrid System
روش توزیع انرژی همتا به همتا برای پیشرانهای متنوع در سیستم ریز شبکه جامعه شهری توزیع شده -2020 As massive integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), the role of end-users in the Urban Community
Microgrid System (UCMS) has transformed from traditional consumers into prosumers with capabilities of both
energy production and consumption. The exchange of energy between autonomous microgrid prosumers can be
achieved with the introduction of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) energy transaction, promoting the efficient allocation of
energy in the UCMS. However, the existing centralized P2P energy transaction approaches require microgrid
transaction brokers to obtain prosumers’ private data, including energy resource configuration, operation status,
and energy production/consumption schedule. With the enhancement of prosumers’ awareness of privacy
protection, it will be increasingly more difficult for the brokers to obtain such private data in practical application
scenarios, resulting in obstacles on the implementation of such centralized approach. Thus, a novel
distributed P2P energy transaction method based on the double auction market is proposed in this paper.
Prosumers first generate the information of energy supply and demand autonomously utilizing distributed energy
management model, then set the price targeting profit maximization, and finally initiate P2P energy
transaction mutually in the double auction energy market. Compared with the existing centralized approaches,
the method proposed in this paper can achieve the coordination and complementarity of energy in the UCMS,
promoting economic benefit, energy self-sufficiency, and renewable energy self-consumption without sacrificing
privacy preservation and robustness. Keywords: Urban Community Microgrid System | Distributed Peer-to-Peer (P2P) energy | transaction | Autonomous energy management | Autonomous pricing | Supply-demand coordination |
مقاله انگلیسی |
10 |
An integrated blockchain-based energy management platform with bilateral trading for microgrid communities
یک پلت فرم یکپارچه مدیریت انرژی مبتنی بر بلاکچین با تجارت دوجانبه برای جوامع ریز شبکه -2020 In this paper, an integrated blockchain-based energy management platform is proposed that optimizes energy
flows in a microgrid whilst implementing a bilateral trading mechanism. Physical constraints in the microgrid
are respected by formulating an Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problem, which is combined with a bilateral trading
mechanism in a single optimization problem. The Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) is used to
decompose the problem to enable distributed optimization and a smart contract is used as a virtual aggregator.
This eliminates the need for a third-party coordinating entity. The smart contract fulfills several functions,
including distribution of data to all participants and executing part of the ADMM algorithm. The model is run
using actual data from a prosumer community in Amsterdam and several scenarios of the model are tested to
evaluate the impact of combining physical constraints and trading on social welfare of the community and
scheduling of energy flows. The scenario variants are trade-only, where only a trading mechanism is implemented,
grid-only where only OPF optimization is implemented and a combined scenario where both are
implemented. Results are compared with a baseline scenario. Simulation results show that import costs of the
whole community are reduced by 34.9% as compared to a baseline scenario, and total energy import quantities
are reduced by 15%. Total social welfare is found to be highest without a trading mechanism, however this
platform is only viable when all costs are equally shared between all households. Furthermore, peak imports are
reduced by over 50% in scenarios including grid constraints. Keywords: Microgrids | Distributed energy resources | Decentralized optimization | Optimal power flow | Local electricity markets | Blockchain | Smart contracts |
مقاله انگلیسی |