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Feasibility of EVolutionary OPeration (EVOP) as a concept for herd-specific management in commercial dairy herds
امکان سنجی عملیات تکاملی (EVOP) به عنوان یک مفهوم برای مدیریت خاص گله در گله های لبنی تجاری-2020 Dairy farming is a complex production system involving biological, technological and human inputs. Therefore,
‘general knowledge of cause and effect’ often seems inadequate to identify and implement optimal management
procedures. To solve herd-specific problems, this paper explores the potential of planned experiments for internal
use at the farm level to take advantage of local causal relationships. The shift towards larger dairy herds
with access to automatic data recordings of a large number of relevant inputs and performance indicators
supports the development of management tools that are able to estimate the effect of changes made in daily
management on individual farms. The concept of EVolutionary OPeration (EVOP) implies making small systematic
changes in production factors or procedures while running the production and continuously evaluating
the results. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the feasibility of implementing EVOP in commercial
dairy herds as an integral part of herd management. The concept of EVOP-Dairy is based on five
principles: (1) farmer-driven identification of areas for improvement; (2) herd-specific goals for the interventions
to be evaluated in EVOP trials; (3) a short EVOP trial period; (4) simple, but statistically sound, EVOP designs
including data access and (5) regular estimation of intervention effects and frequent reporting to the farmer. The
project involved three activities: first, visiting a number of dairy farms with the aim of identifying areas for
management improvements and to define potential EVOP interventions and relevant designs of EVOP trials;
second, conducting a series of EVOP trials to develop data registration, statistical models, analysis and reporting;
third, interviewing the farmers to obtain their opinion of the conceptual idea and the process. These activities
were documented for the twelve project farms, and five different EVOP trials are described in detail to illustrate
the concept. In conclusion, the farmers found the concept a useful management improvement tool, although the
EVOP trials created additional work. The EVOP-Dairy statistical models need to include dynamic multilevel data
and control for confounding factors when estimating intervention effects, as design with randomization was not
feasible in the majority of the identified EVOP trials. Therefore, future development for the EVOP-Dairy should
focus on (i) easy to implement and execute interventions, (ii) guidelines to interpret intervention effect when
practical conditions hinder fully randomized and well replicated interventions, and (iii) automation of the data
analysis and reporting part of the concept. Keywords: Management | Dairy herd | EVolutionary OPeration (EVOP) | Dairy cow |
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