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نتیجه جستجو - Economic burden

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 5
ردیف عنوان نوع
1 Assessment of Medical Expenditure for Patients With Breast Cancer in China: Evidence From Current Curative Expenditure by System of Health Accounts 2011
ارزیابی هزینه های پزشکی برای بیماران مبتلا به سرطان پستان در چین: شواهد از هزینه های درمانی فعلی توسط سیستم حساب های بهداشتی 2011-2021
Objectives: The incidence and mortality of breast cancer have been increasing in China and bring heavy economic burdens to patients, families, and society. This study aimed to analyze the structure and influencing factors of inpatient expenditures of patients with breast cancer and put forward suggestions for insurance management.
Methods: A multistage stratified random sampling method was used to investigate 379 medical institutions and 7366 pieces of inpatient records of patients with breast cancer in Dalian in 2018. Under the framework of “System of Health Accounts 2011,” the current curative expenditure (CCE) and its distribution were calculated. The relationships between hospitalization expenditure and factors were analyzed by multiple stepwise regression and structural equation modeling.
Results: The CCE of patients with breast cancer in Dalian in 2018 was U273.38 million, accounting for 10.66% of the total expenditure on cancer. The majority of the CCE flowed to large general hospitals. The CCE was concentrated in patients aged 40 to 69 years (23.46%). The hospitalization expenditure correlated positively with length of stay, surgery, and drug expenses (rs = 0.586-0.754, P,.01) and negatively associated with age (rs = 20.074, P,.01). The length of stay mediated the relationship between surgery and hospitalization expenses for patients with breast cancer. The factors that affected the hospitalization expenditure were the drug expenses, surgery, length of stay, insurance status, and institution level.
Conclusions: The cost control for CCE of breast cancer inpatient treatment is crucial in China. Promoting hierarchical diagnosis and treatment, reducing the length of stay, and improving medical insurance depth would be effective measures to reduce the financial burden of patients.
keywords: breast cancer | current curative expenditure | hospitalization expenses | System of Health Accounts 2011
مقاله انگلیسی
2 Transition engineering of transport in megacities with case study on commuting in Beijing
مهندسی انتقالی از حمل و نقل در شهرهای بزرگ با مطالعه موردی در مورد رفت و آمد در پکن-2020
Private automobiles have been wildly popular around the world and have transformed the concept of personal mobility for the affluent. However, automobile-oriented development patterns have demonstrably degraded the quality of the city environment. The economic burden of transport infrastructure asset management, plus air pollution, CO2 emissions and congestion are pressing issues for all cities. City planners struggle with the issues of growth in travel demand and the costs of providing traffic management, parking, policing, and emergency services. The future of personal vehicle mobility and goods movements are particularly challenging, and it is difficult to imagine what the sustainable solutions could be for these wicked problems of transport in megacities. This paper explores urban form, transport activity and quality of life in future cities through the emerging discipline, Transition Engineering. The main methodology is the Interdisciplinary Transition Innovation, Management and Engineering (InTIME) approach, the outcome of which are innovative shift projects that directly step down the negative factors and step up in the quality of life while maintaining the access to social and economic activities. One shift project in Beijing is a new “Work Unit Retrofit” property development enterprise. Integrated land use is a popular idea, but the shift projects in this research answer the questions of “how” the transition to the future city occurs. This research demonstrates the new Transition Engineering approach to sustainable city development that results in actionable property and infrastructure development with financial and social benefits that can be clearly communicated to all stakeholders.
Keywords: Energy transition | Transition engineering | Future cities | Work unit | Adaptive capacity | Urban form | Cycling potential | Commute model
مقاله انگلیسی
3 Stakeholders’ perspective on mental health laws in Pakistan: A mixed method study
دیدگاه ذینفعان در مورد قوانین سلامت روان در پاکستان: مطالعه با روش ترکیبی-2020
The present study explored awareness and opinions pertaining to mental health legislation in Pakistan in the context of the United Nation Convention on Rights of People with Disabilities (UNCRPD) through a mixed method research design. In the quantitative arm of the study, a structured questionnaire examined awareness and opinions of key stakeholders pertaining to national mental health legislation. In the qualitative arm, face-to-face interviews further elaborated stakeholders perspectives pertaining to these topics with thematic analysis conducted. Stakeholders demonstrated a good awareness of legislation pertaining to guardianship (83.0%) appointment of property managers (89.7%) and salary or pension entitlements (89.2%). Compared to other stakeholders, patients had less understanding of processes pertaining to involuntary admission (χ2 = 20.54, p = 0.02) and appointing a guardian (χ2 = 34.67, p < 0.01). High consensus across stakeholders was noted for processes of involuntary detention (83.5%) and appointment of guardians or property managers (80.0%) albeit patients demonstrated less agreement on these topics (p <0.01). Minimal support was noted for an involuntary patient to be discharged solely on a psychiatrist’s recommendation (25.4%). Thematic analysis indicated fifteen emergent themes: 1) Alienation/ Seclusion; 2) Capacity building; 3) Communication Gap; 4) Conflict of interests; 5) Discomfort at hospital; 6) Economic burden; 7) Government’s liability; 8) Family involvement; 9) Imbalance; 10) Acceptance of Legal Incapacity; 11) Legal reforms; 12) Patient centredenvironment; 13) Quality assurance; 14) Under developed infrastructure and 15) Potential unethical practices. This study advocates for increased patient involvement in collaborative decision making with mental health professionals and the creation of more appropriate inpatient treatment environments.
مقاله انگلیسی
4 Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of law enforcement involvement among treatment-seeking adult males with opioid use disorder
شیوع و همبستگی های اجتماعی و جمعیت شناختی مشارکت نیروی انتظامی در بین مردان بالغ متقاضی درمان مبتلا به اختلال مصرف مواد افیونی-2020
Aim: Use of various substances, including opioid use is often associated with coming in contact with the lawenforcement agencies. Data are scarce on the unique socio-demographic and clinical correlates from the Indian population. The current study aims to explore the clinical and socio-demographic correlations of law enforcement involvement among treatment-seeking adult males with opioid use disorder.
Method: We screened adult males presenting for the treatment of opioid use disorder at the outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital in North India. We measured law enforcement involvement by asking if the patient was ever apprehended by police, had any pending legal case against them, had any history of drug trafficking, or had any history of incarceration. We divided the entire study population based on law enforcement involvement versus no involvement. We compared both the groups in terms of socio-demographic and other clinical parameters. Binary logistic regression analysis was carried out to find the independent predictors of law enforcement involvement in this population.
Results: Out of a total of 204 patients with opioid use disorder, sixty-two participants (30.4%) had a history of law enforcement involvement, with all 62 of them being apprehended by the police at least once, 27 (13.2%) had a history of incarceration, 13 (6.4%) had a criminal case pending and 3 (1.5%) had a history of peddling drugs. We found out that high-risk sexual behavior, injecting drug use, and urban residence were associated with involvement with law enforcement.
Conclusion: Getting involved with the law- enforcement agencies among patients with opioid use disorders may be associated with high-risk behaviors. Legal involvement among opioid-dependent individuals may also be an impediment to the treatment processes, especially when such patients are incarcerated.
Keywords: Substance use | Opioid use | Criminal activities | Justice system | Economic burden | India | Correlation
مقاله انگلیسی
5 مدل های حیوانی در آسیب های جراحتی نخاعی
سال انتشار: 2014 - تعداد صفحات فایل pdf انگلیسی: 20 - تعداد صفحات فایل doc فارسی: 29
آسیب جراحتی طناب نخاعی(SCI) باعث میزان بالای مرگ و میر، ناتوانی شدید، هزینه های بالای درمان، توانبخشی گسترده و بار زیاد اقتصادی می شود. هیچ درمان قطعی برای SCI وجود ندارد، اما مطالعات متعددی از جمله مدلسازی تجربی در حال انجام هستند تا به حل این مشکل اساسی کمک کنند. اولین مدل گزارش شده ی SCI توسط آلن در سال 1911 گزارش شد که در آن جرمی در نظر گرفته شده بود تا ارتفاع از پیش تعیین شده بر سطح پشتی dura سگ بررسی شود. پس از آن، مدلهای حیوانی SCI از مارماهی ساده تا پستانداران غیرانسان برای توسعه ی دانش پاتوفیزیولوژیک در آسیب سلول و روند بازسازی طناب نخاعی مورداستفاده و کاربرد قرار گرفتند.
در حال حاضر برای انتخاب مدل حیوانی، برخی فاکتورها را بسته به هدف پیشنهادی این مطالعه در نظر میگیریم. قطع و کوفتگی طناب نخاعی، روش های معمول برای مدلسازی حیوانی SCI هستند. در حالیکه مدل های قطع یک روند ایده آل برای مطالعه ی بازسازی ستون فقرات درضایعه ی کاملی را ارائه می کنند اما طناب نخاعی قطع شده به ندرت در SCI انسانی رخ می دهد. به عبارت دیگر، اکثر طناب های نخاعی آسیب دیده، پیوستگی بافت را در سراسر ناحیه ی آسیب دیده حفظ می کنند. اما مدل های کوفتگی و فشرده بیشتر مربوط به مباحث بالینی هستند. این مدل ها می توانند آسیب های درجه بندی شده ایجاد کنند و با نکروز هموراژیک، ایسکمی، التهاب و کاویتاسیون مرکزی مشخص می شوند. علاوه بر این، مدل های فشرده به شبیه سازی انسداد مجرای نخاعی کمک می کنند که در SCI های انسانی بسیار شایع می باشد.
توسعه ی مداوم مدل های حیوانی SCI نیاز بررسی تمام انواع روش های سنجش در مورد مزایا و یا معایب آن را منعکس می کند. هدف این فصل بررسی مدل های حیوانی در SCI از مطالعات نمایه شده در مدلاین است.
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