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Income inequality and ethnic cleavages in Malaysia: Evidence from distributional national accounts (19842014)
نابرابری درآمد و شکاف های قومی در مالزی: شواهدی از حساب های توزیع ملی (19842014)-2021 In this paper, by combining information obtained from national accounts, household
surveys, and fiscal data, we document the evolution of income inequality in Malaysia, not
only at the national level (for the period of 1984–2014) but also by ethnic group (for the
period of 2002–2014). To our knowledge this is the first attempt to produce inequality
measurements of Malaysia, which are fully consistent with the national accounts. Our
research shows that despite Malaysia’s exceptional economic growth rate, its growth has
been inclusive. For the period of 2002–2014, the real income growth for the bottom 50 % is
the highest (5.2 %), followed by the middle 40 % (4.1 %), the top 10 % (2.7 %) and then the top
1 % (1.6 %). However, while average growth rates are positive across all ethnic groups
(Bumiputera 4.9 %, Indians 4.8 %, and Chinese 2.7 %), the highest growth of real income per
adult accrued to the Bumiputera in the top 1 % (at 8.3 %), which sharply contrasts the much
lower growth rate of the Indians (at 3.4 %) and negative income growth rates of the Chinese
(at 0.6 %). Despite the negative growth rate, the Chinese still account for the lion’s share in
the top 1 %. In 2014, 60 % of the adults in the top 1 % income group are Chinese, while 33 %
Bumiputera, and 6 % Indians. We conclude that in this period, Malaysia’s growth features an
inclusive redistribution between income classes, but with a twist between racial groups.
keywords: اقدامات مثبت | حساب های ملی توزیع | شکاف های قومی | نابرابری درآمد | مالزی | Affirmative actions | Distributional national accounts | Ethnic cleavages | Income inequality | Malaysia |
مقاله انگلیسی |
2 |
The dynamic linkages between current account deficit and budget balance deficit in the South Asian region
ارتباط پویا بین کسری حساب جاری و کسری تراز بودجه در منطقه جنوب آسیا-2021 The issue of twin imbalances is at the forefront of fiscal policy concerns in the South Asian region,
fuelled by an ever-going budget deficit and current account deficit over the last five decades. A
standard approach is to assume a model in which budget balance influences the current account.
We relax this assumption by using a panel data vector autoregression model comprising five
South Asian countries. The results show that both budget deficit and current account deficit are
mutually causative, which contrasts the unidirectional causality running from fiscal deficit to
current account deficit found in prior studies. Further, this bi-causality relationship is also
demonstrated in the impulse response analyses. Budget balance in South Asian economies re-
sponds positively to a one standard deviation positive shock in the current account balance.
Likewise, external balance increases to a one standard deviation positive shock in internal bal-
ance. Higher fiscal debt impedes economic growth, which in turn impacts negatively on the
budget balance. Our findings lead us to reject ’fiscal policy only’ recommendations to address the
twin deficits. keywords: کسری دوقلو | مدل P-VAR | آزمون علیت پانل گرنجر | تابع پاسخ ضربه ای | آسیای جنوبی | Twin deficits | P-VAR model | Panel Granger causality test | Impulse response function | South Asia |
مقاله انگلیسی |
3 |
Towards agile knowledge management in an online organization
به سمت مدیریت دانش چابک در یک سازمان آنلاین-2021 Effective knowledge management is a powerful driver for product and organizational growth. Knowledge management allows
for the efficient creation, sharing and use of information. But it is not entirely clear what basic knowledge is involved in agile
practice and how teams handle it. The main aim of the article was the theoretical and empirical analysis of the agile knowledge
management approach. The principles of knowledge management in connection with agile methodology were examined in the
cognitive-theory section. The methodology is based on a case study applying an observational technique within an online
organization. The empirical part presents a theoretical model that describes how knowledge management is used in the agile
approach. These findings can aid in the understanding of agile knowledge management practices inside an online company,
which includes iterative development, knowledge management and engineering practices. The results show that agile knowledge
management improved in the organizations proactive process management. The significant influence is observed on staff
efficiency, economic growth, and hence on customer loyalty, which boosts corporate morale while reducing resource
consumption.
Keywords: knowledge management | agile approach | online company reorganization |
مقاله انگلیسی |
4 |
Disruption in food supply chain and undernourishment challenges: An empirical study in the context of Asian countries
اختلال در زنجیره تأمین مواد غذایی و چالش های کم غذایی: یک مطالعه تجربی در زمینه کشورهای آسیایی-2021 Undernourishment and associated health issues are some mammoth challenges that the world currently faces. The poorly design food supply chain (FSC) is considered a root cause of high undernourishment cases worldwide. Since all processes and stages in a supply chain are strongly connected, a slight delay or glitch can trigger a butterfly effect resulting in significant socio-economic losses. The FSC is vital to providing human essentials and a source of bread earning; rank at the top in global industries and any disturbance results in high unemployment and leading social evils like crime and violence in society. Recognize the same; this study examines the impact of food supply chain disruption on undernourished cases in selected Asian countries. Using Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) estimator, this study provides two key findings. First, a higher intensity of COVID-19 cases translates into higher undernourishment due to direct and indirect effects from higher stringency measures. Secondly, government financial allocations to combat COVID-19 and economic growth significantly mitigate the prevalence of undernourishment. Interestingly, a higher crime index is linked with higher undernourished cases supporting the proposition of socio-economic disorder. These results propose broad policy implications for governments, food regulatory authority, donor agencies, and Non-Governmental Organizations by strengthening the food supply chain and thus reduces undernourishment cases. Keywords: Food supply chain | COVID-19 | Unemployment | Undernourishment | Economic growth | Asian countries |
مقاله انگلیسی |
5 |
Circular economy for phosphorus supply chain and its impact on social sustainable development goals
اقتصاد مدور برای زنجیره تأمین فسفر و تأثیر آن بر اهداف توسعه پایدار اجتماعی-2021 To be able to grow crops, we have interfered with Earths reserves of one of top three essential elements, phosphorus (P), as to which we face a problem related to its high consumption compared to available resources. This
forces us to follow the alternative of closing the phosphorus loop from a circular economy perspective. However,
there is a lack of research on regional and global social sustainability in this area, as emphasized in the United
Nations Agenda 2030 goals for sustainable development. In this paper, we address social challenges involved
in global phosphorus supply chain, such as eradicating poverty, child labor and malnutrition; promoting gender
equality; providing decent work and economic growth; maintaining sustainable water use; and achieving food
security. Our research is driven by the question of whether the circular economy aims to direct phosphorus
management towards tackling social issues associated with its supply chain. We use system dynamics modelling
by combining the concept of material flow analysis and social life cycle assessment. Detailed analysis at regional
and global levels indicates a paradoxical social impact of phosphorus circular model. This reflects the multiple
stakeholders involved, and the regional interactions with phosphorus circular economy transitions.
Improvements can be demonstrated in reducing poverty and providing safer work environment in many regions,
e.g., Western Asia (93%), New Zealand, Central Asia, and Europe (44–61%), while achieving employment targets
is limited in Northern and Eastern Europe. Circular model fails to promote gender equality, it also exacerbates
exploitative child work problem for the Caribbean and most Africa. It provides sufficient nutrition to North
America, Australia/New Zealand, and Northern Europe. It achieves water use targets in several regions with
53% savings worldwide. Finally, circular model contributes to P efficiency (average balance of 1.21 kgP/ha) and
strengthens P security within most regions with an average of 64%. Keywords: Critical materials | Phosphorus | Social sustainability | Circular economy | Dynamic modelling |
مقاله انگلیسی |
6 |
Supply chain performance and economic growth: The impact of COVID-19 disruptions
عملکرد زنجیره تامین و رشد اقتصادی: تأثیر اختلالات COVID-19-2021 Reliable supply chains are crucial to the productivity and economic growth of nations. Despite the recognition of its importance, especially brought to the forefront by the challenges of the coronavirus crises, formal research on the contribution of supply chain logistics is less forthcoming. This paper uses data on 130 nations to examine the relative effects of different aspects of supply chain logistics, including overall logistics performance, and the performance of the input and output dimensions of logistics, on economic growth. The results show that improvements in the supply chain logistics performance yield positive growth dividends. Further, the input and output dimensions of logistics performance have positive growth effects, with some quantitative differences. Significantly, the growth impact of logistics performance varies across nations with different growth rates. Implications for public policy and spillovers for COVID-19 initiatives are discussed.© 2021 The Society for Policy Modeling. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. JEL classification: O40; L80; L91 Keywords: Economic growth | Supply chain | Logistics | Infrastructure | COVID-19 |
مقاله انگلیسی |
7 |
Female Labor Force Participation and economic growth: Accounting for the gender bonus
مشارکت نیروی کار زنان و رشد اقتصادی: محاسبه پاداش جنسیتی-2021 Borrowing from the demographic dividend literature, this paper examines whether there is a gender
bonus, namely an increase in the average living standard associated with increases in female labor force
participation (FLFP) rates. Translating a per worker production function into a per capita one, it derives
a linear dynamic model, the coefficient of which can be used to test for the existence of a gender bonus,
and the reasons for this bonus. Using an international panel and applying a system GMM approach,
it finds a positive and statistically significant effect of the growth of FLFP on economic growth and
a positive but not statistically different from zero effect of the initial FLFP on economic growth.
Importantly, we cannot reject the hypothesis that either of these effects is merely an accounting effect,
namely a consequence of having more workers in the economy and more aggregate output. It finds
no support for a secondary bonus through education or population growth.
keywords: نیروی کار زن | پاداش جنسیت | رشد اقتصادی | Female Labor Force | Gender bonus | Economic growth |
مقاله انگلیسی |
8 |
Persistent current account imbalances: Are they good or bad for regional and global growth?
عدم تعادل حساب جاری مداوم: آیا آنها برای رشد منطقه ای و جهانی خوب یا بد هستند؟-2021 This paper examines the regional and global growth effects of current account imbalances
in Japan, Germany, and the People’s Republic of China (PRC)—the three largest persistent
surplus countries—and the United States and United Kingdom, the two largest persistent
deficit countries. Controlling for a set of macroeconomic determinants, we use a structural
vector autoregression (SVAR) framework to show that positive shocks to current account
balances in the PRC, Germany, and Japan transmit positive regional and global growth
effects, particularly in the case of spillovers to regional growth from Japan. As expected,
the global growth response is lower in magnitude than the regional growth response. In
addition, the extent of the effect is amplified by global value chains, pointing to the significant role played by trade in intermediate goods. For current account deficit countries, the
magnitudes of the responses of growth to shocks are much lower on average than in the
case of current account surplus countries. We find some marginal positive effects on regional and global growth emanating from a positive shock on the UK current account—i.e., a
reduction in the deficit. For the US, a positive shock to its persistent current account deficit
marginally drags on global growth, possibly reflecting declining import demand and
wealth effects linked to the US dollar’s status as the global reserve currency. Our findings
have important policy implications, particularly in light of discussions in recent years on
whether current account surplus countries are hindering growth abroad.
keywords: عدم تعادل حساب جاری | عدم تعادل اقتصاد کلان | رشد اقتصادی | Current account imbalances | Macroeconomic imbalances | Economic growth |
مقاله انگلیسی |
9 |
Accounting for U:S: economic growth 1954–2017
حسابداری برای U:S: رشد اقتصادی 1954-2017-2021 We perform a growth accounting exercise using the whole neoclassical growth model for the U.S. economy
during 1954–2017. Our growth accounting exercise reveals that the U.S. extraordinary economic growth in the
1960s has been mainly driven by the increase of the labor efficiency, whereas the growth slowdowns in the
1970s and the first decade of 21st century were mainly driven by the decline in the capital efficiency. However,
the reduction of the distortions on the labor supply driven the subsequent recoveries in the 1980s and after the
Great Recession.
keywords: حسابداری رشد | گوه CAPITAL-E FFI | گوه Labor-e FFI | گوه کارگر | گوه سرمایه گذاری | گوه محدودیت منابع | بهره وری | سهم کار | ساعت کار کرد | Growth accounting | Capital-efficiency wedge | Labor-efficiency wedge | Labor wedge | Investment wedge | Resource constraint wedge | Productivity | Labor share | Hours worked |
مقاله انگلیسی |
10 |
Hierarchical structure of a green supply chain
ساختار سلسله مراتبی یک زنجیره تأمین سبز-2021 Since the past decades, environmental challenges have been increasing due to pollution and production costs. For sustainable development, a green supply chain integrates the sustainable environmental process into the tradi- tional supply chain, reducing the cost of production, spur economic growth, and solving ecological issues. Thus, exploring the feasible design of green supply chain systems becomes an essential requirement for industry and commercial organizations. However, the green supply chain system usually integrates various systems currently used by the participants of supply chains. The design of such a large-scale system is quite costly through the conventional discrete event simulation-based approaches. Moreover, formal modelling method (e.g. Petri nets), as an alternative approach, provides formal and efficient support to model creation and analysis. However, the Petri nets cannot achieve compositional modelling, particularly for large-scale and complex systems, e.g., the green supply chain system. For improved compositionality, this paper proposes a hybrid modelling technique to integrate the compositional feature into Petri nets by combining with process algebra due to its superior capability in compositional modelling. The hybrid technique supports the modelling with Petri nets at first. It sorts the incidence matrix of Petri nets’ models to retrieves the mapping relation between Petri nets and performance evaluation process algebra (i.e. PEPA, a formal modelling method based on process algebra), which represents the compositional structure of Petri-net models. Hence, a compositional-structure constructing algorithm is designed to obtain all qualified PEPA hierarchical sub-models based on Petri net models, which combines Petri nets’ usability and the compositionality of PEPA for creating a novel and enhanced formal modelling technique that is particularly suitable for systems such as green supply chain systems. Keywords: Green supply chains | Petri nets | Performance evaluation process algebra | Hierarchical structures | Compositionality |
مقاله انگلیسی |