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نتیجه جستجو - Economies of scale

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 16
ردیف عنوان نوع
1 Comparison between centralized and decentralized supply chains of autologous chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies: a UK case study based on discrete event simulation
مقایسه بین زنجیره های تأمین متمرکز و غیرمتمرکز درمان سلول های T گیرنده آنتی ژن کایمریک اتولوگ: یک مطالعه موردی در انگلیس بر اساس شبیه سازی رویداد گسسته-2021
Background aims: Decentralized, or distributed, manufacturing that takes place close to the point of care has been a manufacturing paradigm of heightened interest within the cell therapy domain because of the product’s being living cell material as well as the need for a highly monitored and temperature-controlled supply chain that has the potential to benefit from close proximity between manufacturing and application. Methods: To compare the operational feasibility and cost implications of manufacturing autologous chimeric anti- gen receptor T (CAR T)-cell products between centralized and decentralized schemes, a discrete event simulation model was built using ExtendSIM 9 for simulating the patient-to-patient supply chain, from the collection of patient cells to the final administration of CAR T therapy in hospitals. Simulations were carried out for hypothetical systems in the UK using three demand levels—low (100 patients per annum), anticipated (200 patients per annum) and high (500 patients per annum)—to assess resource allocation, cost per treatment and system resilience to demand changes and to quantify the risks of mix-ups within the supply chain for the delivery of CAR T treatments. Results: The simulation results show that although centralized manufacturing offers better economies of scale, individual facilities in a decentralized system can spread facility costs across a greater number of treatments and better utilize resources at high demand levels (annual demand of 500 patients), allowing for an overall more comparable cost per treatment. In general, raw material and consumable costs have been shown to be one of the greatest cost drivers, and genetic modification-associated costs have been shown to account for over one third of raw material and consumable costs. Turnaround time per treatment for the decentralized scheme is shown to be consistently lower than its centralized counterpart, as there is no need for product freeze-thaw, packaging and transportation, although the time savings is shown to be insignificant in the UK case study because of its rather compact geographical setting with well-established transportation networks. In both schemes, sterility testing lies on the critical path for treatment delivery and is shown to be critical for treatment turnaround time reduction. Conclusions: Considering both cost and treatment turnaround time, point-of-care manufacturing within the UK does not show great advantages over centralized manufacturing. However, further simulations using this model can be used to understand the feasibility of decentralized manufacturing in a larger geographical setting.© 2020 International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Key Words: CAR T | centralization | decentralization | discrete event simulation | manufacturing | supply chain
مقاله انگلیسی
2 Two-echelon supply chain network design with trade credit
Two-echelon supply chain network design with trade credit-2021
This study considers a two-echelon supply chain that is comprised of an outside vendor, multiple distribution centers (DCs), and multiple retailers. The retailers have access to trade credit offered by upstream suppliers. We propose an integrated DC-retailer network design model that optimizes trade credit terms and safety stock levels, in addition to the decisions of DC locations, DC-retailer assignments, and inventory replenishment policies typically considered in the literature. The operating and handling cost is concave and non-decreasing to capture economies of scale whereas most existing studies simply assume that such cost is linear in demand. Trade credit financing cost is characterized in a way that preserves the important mathematical structure of the classic warehouse retailer network design model. Leveraging on the sub modularity property of the cost components, we developed a polymatroid cutting-plane solution algorithm, which is effective for practically sized problem in- stances in numerical experiments. The results show that incorporating trade credit financing into supply chain network design may substantially reduce the total cost. Further, our study suggests a more consolidated supply chain network when either the safety stock or financing cost increases. Interestingly, as financing cost rises, a high-volume and low-frequency reorder pattern is favored, but the opposite is recommended when financing gain increases. The variation of each individual cost component is also analyzed for an in-depth understanding of the impact of operational and financial parameters on supply chain optimization.
Keywords: Network design | OWMR system | Multi-echelon inventory management | Trade credit | Polymatroid cutting plane
مقاله انگلیسی
3 Reputational economies of scale
اقتصاد مقیاس معتبر-2020
For many years, most scholars have assumed that the strength of reputational incentives is positively correlated with firm size. Firms that sell more products or services were thought more likely to be trustworthy than those that sell less because larger firms have more to lose if consumers decide they have behaved badly. That assumption has been called into question by recent work that shows that, under the standard infinitely repeated game model of reputation, reputational economies of scale will occur only under special conditions, such as monopoly, because larger firms not only have more to lose from behaving badly, but also more to gain. This article shows that reputational economies of scale exist even when there is competition and without other special conditions, if the probability that low quality is detected is positively correlated with the quantity of the good or service sold. It also shows that reputational economies of scale exist, under some circumstances, in a finite-horizon model of reputation. Reputational economies of scale help explain why law and accounting firms can act as gatekeepers, why mass market products are more likely to be safe, why firms are less likely to exploit one-sided contracts than consumers, and why manufacturers market new products under the umbrella of established trademarks.
Keywords: Reputation | Repeat play | Trademark | Certification | Umbrella branding
مقاله انگلیسی
4 MARKET CONCENTRATION AND BANK COMPETITION IN EMERGING ASIAN COUNTRIES OVER PRE AND POST THE 2008 GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS
تمرکز بازار و رقابت بانکی در ورود به کشورهای آسیایی بیش از قبل و بحران مالی جهانی سال 2008-2019
This paper examines the relationships between market concentration, bank competition, and efficiency in banking across six emerging Asian countries namely Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Vietnam over the period 2005 to 2012. The countries selected for this study operate commercial banking activities with a comparatively large number of both publicly listed and private commercial banks providing a broad range of commercial banking services. For example, banks in Bangladesh, India and Vietnam used to be predominantly state-owned. But over the last few decades, governments have been issuing licenses to private owners. The methodological approach taken by our study provides an important and original contribution to the extant literature by testing various hypothesis that investigate the relationship between competition and efficiency across banks from a select group of Asian countries. We find that market concentration has a positive effect whereas competition has a negative effect on the efficiency of banks operating in these countries. This finding conveys a critically important message to the regulators of banks in these countries: there is a trade-off between quantity and quality. Our analyses also reveal that the effect of bank size on efficiency is positive whereas the effect of liquidity risk on efficiency is negative.This again supports the conventional wisdom that large banks are in a position to provide cost efficient services because they have the ability to attain economies of scale and scopes. Here again, the regulators have very important roles to play: while they have to put in place effective mechanism preventing big banks from being an oligarchy; at the same time, they should make sure that banks get liquidity support as funding pressure builds up
مقاله انگلیسی
5 The cost of being safer in banking: Market power loss
هزینه ایمن تر شدن در بانکداری: از دست دادن قدرت بازار-2019
To promote safety at financial institutions, Basel III introduced two new liquidity rules, the net stable funding ratio and the liquidity coverage ratio. However, the issue of how the new rules affect the market power of banks has not been investigated. This paper fills the gap by analyzing how an increase in bank liquidity associates with market power for a sample of 2,665 unique commercial banks and bank holding companies in the U.S. during 2000– 2015. We find a significantly negative correlation between liquidity and market power. The result is robust over different measures of liquidity and market power and different estimation methods. Our further investigation reveals that banks can expand their business aggressively to enjoy economies of scale to mitigate the negative effect of liquidity on market power.
مقاله انگلیسی
6 Bank size and market value: The role of direct monitoring and delegation costs
اندازه بانک و ارزش بازار: نقش نظارت مستقیم و هزینه های اعزام نماینده-2018
Recent studies have presented evidence of scale economies for large banks, providing a rationale for some very large banks seen worldwide. In this study, we focus on the negative side of bank size which relates to monitoring costs. In particular, we show that the relationship between size and banks market to book value of assets is contained by the cost of the manager to directly monitor the borrowers and by the (delegation) cost of the owner to monitor the bank manager. Using a sample of US bank holding companies from 2001 to 2015, we provide evidence that the relationship between size and banks market to book value of assets is inverse U-shaped and that monitoring costs offset the benefits from economies of scale.
keywords: Bank size |Market value |Asymmetric information |Monitoring
مقاله انگلیسی
7 Cost overruns and delays in energy megaprojects: How big is big enough?
هزینه و تاخیر بیش از حد در انرژی پروژه عظیم: چه مقدار بزرگ به اندازه کافی بزرگ است؟-2018
Power generation megaprojects are central in energy planning and policy. However, many megaprojects fail to deliver the scale and efficiency aspirations initially expected. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the probability distribution function of cost overruns and delays in the construction of power generation projects, with a particular focus on mega hydroelectric dams recently built in Brazil. Results show that construction costs were, on average, 97.53% above the initial estimates. The distribution that best fits the hydroelectric power plants costs overruns is the gamma distribution. For the delays, the construction completion time had an average increase of 74.28%, or 3.5 years. The distribution that best fits the hydroelectric plants delays is the lognormal distribution. The essential statistical message obtained in this paper is that megaprojects fail to deliver the economies of scale embedded in large projects because the exposure to risk is disproportionate to the financial economies they can generate. Decision makers should carefully evaluate whether "bigger is better".
Keywords: Costs overrun ، Delays ، Energy megaproject ، Forecasting
مقاله انگلیسی
8 Size does not matter: Diseconomies of scale in the mutual fund industry revisited
اندازه اهمیت ندارد: مقیاس فقر اقتصادی در صنعت سرمایه دوطرفه بازدید شده-2018
The academic literature has found mixed evidence that fund size is negatively related to performance. One reason for the lack of consensus may be that the fund size and performance relation is endogenous. In this paper, we identify a set of instrumental variables that influence fund size but are unrelated to expected fund performance. Using this specification, we show that fund size does not appear to affect fund performance.
keywords: Mutual fund performance |Size–performance relation |Instrumental variables |Diseconomies of scale
مقاله انگلیسی
9 Measuring banks’ market power in the presence of economies of scale: A scale-corrected Lerner index
سنجش توان بازاری بانکها در حضور مقیاس اقتصاد: یک شاخص لرنر تصحیح شده با مقیاس-2018
A positive Lerner index indicates a welfare loss for consumers due to deviations from marginal-cost pricing. Such a welfare loss may not always be due to market power, though. In particular, marginal-cost pricing would result in negative profit for the firm in the presence of economies of scale. In such a scenario, a positive Lerner index could simply reflect the firm’s need to earn non-negative profits rather than market power. We propose a novel, scale-corrected price-cost margin for firms that produce in the economies of scale range. We show that this measure is more informative about market power than the Lerner index itself. As an empirical illustration, we analyze market power in the U.S. banking sector using both the corrected and uncorrected Lerner index. The corrected Lerner index reveals significant market power for U.S. commercial banks during the 2000 – 2014 period.
keywords: Market power |Lerner index |Economies of scale |U.S. commercial banks
مقاله انگلیسی
10 Network centrality and delegated investment performance
مرکزیت شبکه ای و عملکرد سرمایه گذاری نماینده شده-2018
We show a positive relation between network centrality and risk-adjusted performance in a delegated investment management setting. More connected managers take more portfolio risk and receive higher investor flows, consistent with these managers improving their ability to exploit investment opportunities through their network connections. Greater network connections are shown to be particularly important in reducing the diseconomies of scale for large managers who are well connected. We also use the exogenous merger of two investment consultants, which creates a sudden change in the network connections of the managers they oversee, to provide evidence that a greater number of connections translates into better portfolio performance.
keywords: Asset management |Networks |Investment performance |Flows |Manager skills
مقاله انگلیسی
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