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On the fair accounting of carbon emissions in the global system using an exergy cost formation concept
حسابداری منصفانه انتشار کربن در سیستم جهانی با استفاده از مفهوم تشکیل هزینه اگزرژی-2021 Carbon accounting is necessary for designing effective climate change mitigation policies. A proper and
fair accounting method should motivate both the producers toward cleaner production methods and the
consumers toward reducing the embodied emissions of their consumption. This research work proposes
a new approach to map the production chain of carbon emissions in which every subsystem is
responsible for the level and efficiency of its production activities and embodied emissions for providing
its economic activities or final demands. The exergy cost formation concept is used to track the emissions
in the production chain. The results of this accounting present the total carbon loads on economic
outputs either consumed locally or exported abroad (CExA). The CExA results are then compared to the
results of conventional production-based (PBA) and consumption-based (CBA) carbon inventories. Here
we show that, in addition to the levels of production and consumption, the economic structures of the
countries and the efficiency of the production activities are important factors differentiating the roles of
the countries in the global emissions. Our results show that the share of the imported emissions to the
total CExA varies between 14% for developing countries to 34% for the developed countries. Moreover,
although the ratio of CBA to PBA for the countries is highly dependent on their economic states (0.87 for
developing countries and 1.21 for developed countries), the ratio of CExA to PBA does not follow a unique
trend among developing or developed countries. The results demonstrate that, according to the proposed
sharing approach, the import-oriented developed countries, which have benefited the most from the
carbon leakage effect, are mostly penalized for the embodied emissions associated with the imports to
their economy, and vice versa.
keywords: تغییرات اقلیمی | حسابداری کربن | مسیولیت تقسیم شده | انتشار کربن اضافه شده است | تجزیه و تحلیل ExergoEnviremental | هزینه اگزرژی | Climate change | Carbon accounting | Shared responsibility | Carbon emission added | Exergoenvironmental analysis | Exergy cost |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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The influence of corruption on environmental sustainability in the developing economies of Southern Africa
تأثیر فساد بر پایداری محیط زیست در اقتصادهای در حال توسعه آفریقای جنوبی-2020 This paper analyses the impact of corruption on environmental sustainability in all 16 countries in the Southern region of Africa from 2010-2017. The paper uses two proxies of corruption: the Corruption Index and Corruption Ranking. Using two econometric methods, namely, the Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) Granger causality test and the Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) techniques this study found largely congruent results on both causation and relationships, respectively. Firstly, the two indicators of corruption harmoniously show that corruption Granger causes the existing state of environmental sustainability in Southern African economies, and vice- versa. Moreover, in the short-run corruption was also found to worsen environmental sustainability for both regression models deployed using the two corruption indicators. In the long-term, the two measures of corruption conflicted with their findings. In this regard, though the relationship is contradicting in the long-run the corruption negative (becoming bad) effect of corruption ranking surpasses the corruption positive (becoming clean) effect of corruption index by nearly three times. This show how detrimental corruptible actions are to the natural environment. Overall, this paper consent to global reports explaining how Southern African environments are gradually deteriorating by putting corruption as one central practice causing extensive damage. Keywords: Corruption index | Corruption ranking | Environmental sustainability | Income | Ease of doing business | Education status | Business | Economics | Education | Environmental analysis | Environmental assessment | Environmental economics | Environmental management | Environmental pollution | Environmental science |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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The impact of entrepreneurs environmental analysis strategy on organizational performance
تأثیر استراتژی تحلیل محیط زیست کارآفرینان بر عملکرد سازمانی-2020 The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of entrepreneurial innovation strategies in environmental analysis and its impact on the performance of rural SMEs in developing countries, particularly in Kenya. The paper argues that improvements in rural SMEs through sustainable environmental analysis strategies can boost the performance of small firms in rural areas. A sample of 272 rural enterprises in Kenya was used as a framework. Partial least squares regression and correlation models are used for content analysis. The results show a non significant influence of environmental instability on the performance of small firms in rural areas. However, by incorporating entrepreneurial invention strategies into environmental scanning, the results indicate a positive impact on the performance of rural SMEs. Entrepreneurs need to be aware of the importance of environmental innovation strategies to cope with disturbances and dynamism of the environment underpinning the performance of rural SMEs. The study suggests that policymakers need to create a conducive business environment through entrepreneurship training and business incubation programs for rural SMEs. The results provide in- formation on the environmental analysis strategy and innovation management theory in defining the future of small business reengineering in rural areas. Keywords: Rural SMEs | Innovation strategy | Environmental analysis | Rural entrepreneurship | Firm performance |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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A municipal solid waste indicator for environmental impact: Assessment and identification of best management practices
شاخص ضایعات جامد شهری برای اثرات زیست محیطی : ارزیابی و شناسایی بهترین شیوه های مدیریت-2020 The objective of this study was to develop an aggregate indicator to assess the environmental impact of
municipal solid waste management in the small municipalities of the state of S~ao Paulo, Brazil. Additionally,
the study aimed at creating a classification of the municipalities considered to identify the best
management practices. The study consisted of five phases: Phase 1: Selection of municipalities; Phase 2:
Data collection (inputs); Phase 3: Use of the Waste Reduction Model; Phase 4: Analysis of results
(outputs) and; Phase 5: Construction of the aggregate indicator and comparison between municipalities
to analyze management practices. The results showed that the average waste generation was 223.89 kg
(inhabitant1 year1), the average carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions was 0.166 tons (inhabitant
1 year1), the average amount of energy savings was 51.37 kWh (inhabitant1 year1) and that
most municipalities had suitable final waste destinations. After developing the aggregate indicator,
which was a geometric mean of the normalized indicators for waste generation, emissions of CO2e,
energy consumption and quality of final destination, the municipalities were ranked. Among the ten
best-ranked municipalities, six of them disposed of the waste in municipal landfills, and four, in private
landfills. Only one municipality is part of a consortium, while seven of them have institutionalized selective
collection. One of the critical points for good indicators is the presence of waste pickers. For
further improvements in the management of these municipalities, it is suggested that practices involving
recycling and the integration of waste pickers with proper technical training are developed and
implemented further. It is also recommended fostering greater social inclusion and integrated participation
in the management of municipal solid waste. The aggregate indicator developed was regarded as
appropriate to assess the environmental impact of municipalities and to classify them, allowing the
identification of the best management practices. Keywords: Indicators | Strategic waste management | Environmental analysis | Carbon dioxide equivalent |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Using environmental scanning to collect strategic information: A South African survey
با استفاده از اسکن های زیست محیطی برای جمع آوری اطلاعات استراتژیک: بررسی آفریقای جنوبی-2016 Article history:Received 18 August 2015Accepted 19 August 2015Keywords: Environmental scanning Strategic information South AfricaThis article investigates the extent of environmental scanning activities at South African enterprises. The literature review discusses environmental scanning variables and steps in the environmental scanning process. In the empirical survey a questionnaire was e-mailed to the CEOs of 1000 South African enter- prises, on 20 March 2015 asking them to return the questionnaire before 30 April and a response rate of 32.5% was achieved. Ninety five per cent of the respondents indicated that they regarded the competi- tive situation in South Africa as intense or very intense and most respondents were convinced that they coped above average with changes in the business environment. Only 30% of respondents had a separate environmental scanning department and only 27% had a formal environmental scanning system. Annual reports, market research reports, newspapers and trade journals were the most important secondary information sources, while customers, sales staff and suppliers were the most important primary infor- mation sources. All entities responding used competitor analysis, industry macro-environmental analysis and SWOT analysis to analyse environmental information.© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Environmental scanning | Strategic information| South Africa |
مقاله انگلیسی |