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Environmental conflicts and defenders: A global overview
درگیری های محیطی و مدافعان: یک مرور کلی در سطح جهانی-2020 Recent research and policies recognize the importance of environmental defenders for global sustainability and
emphasize their need for protection against violence and repression. However, effective support may benefit
from a more systematic understanding of the underlying environmental conflicts, as well as from better
knowledge on the factors that enable environmental defenders to mobilize successfully. We have created the
global Environmental Justice Atlas to address this knowledge gap. Here we present a large-n analysis of 2743
cases that sheds light on the characteristics of environmental conflicts and the environmental defenders involved,
as well as on successful mobilization strategies. We find that bottom-up mobilizations for more sustainable
and socially just uses of the environment occur worldwide across all income groups, testifying to the
global existence of various forms of grassroots environmentalism as a promising force for sustainability.
Environmental defenders are frequently members of vulnerable groups who employ largely non-violent protest
forms. In 11% of cases globally, they contributed to halt environmentally destructive and socially conflictive
projects, defending the environment and livelihoods. Combining strategies of preventive mobilization, protest
diversification and litigation can increase this success rate significantly to up to 27%. However, defenders face
globally also high rates of criminalization (20% of cases), physical violence (18%), and assassinations (13%),
which significantly increase when Indigenous people are involved. Our results call for targeted actions to enhance
the conditions enabling successful mobilizations, and for specific support for Indigenous environmental
defenders. Keywords: Environmental justice | Environmentalism of the poor | Environmental conflicts | Sustainability | Statistical political ecology | EJAtlas |
مقاله انگلیسی |
2 |
When all seemed lost. A social network analysis of the waste-related environmental movement in Campania, Italy
یک تحلیل شبکه اجتماعی از جنبش زیست محیطی مربوط به زباله ها در کامپانیا ، ایتالیا-2020 The Italian region of Campania and its capital Naples have epitomized waste management failure in Europe since
2008 when international media covered extensively the waste crisis occurring there. In response to the crisis, the
Italian national government took an authoritarian turn in waste policies and criminalized citizens’ grievances
and mobilizations against waste-facility siting in Campania. The state authorities’ intervention gained popular
consent and obscured the multifaceted and unjust geographies of waste management in the region. It was a
serious blow for the waste-related justice movement in Campania. However, just when waste management
seemed under control the movement re-emerged stronger and more effective than it had been prior to the 2008
crisis. Activists created a new counter narrative and liberated themselves from the constraints imposed by the
repressive measures of the national government. They built a new frame around the unhealthy space, whose
expansion, they maintained, was caused by the waste-related contamination. Yet the strength of the movement
and its transformation following 2008 can only be fully understood when the structural property and the
components of the EJ activists’ networks are also considered. We apply a Social Network Analysis to show how
an effective environmental justice movement requires a cohesive and robust network as well as a comprehensive
narrative. The waste-related movement in Campania went from being an archipelago of isolated clusters of
organizations with a plural but fragmented claims (before 2008), to a tightly interconnected network supporting
a unified political platform (after 2008). We link together the reframing of the movement around health issues
with the reconfiguration of activist networks. We use the Campania case to show how environmental justice
movements might overcome repression and criminalization and progress toward social justice and ecologically
sound transformations. Keywords: Environmental justice | Grassroot environmentalism | Waste management | Social network analysis |
مقاله انگلیسی |
3 |
Environmental justice in the context of urban green space availability, accessibility, and attractiveness in postsocialist cities
عدالت زیست محیطی در چارچوب در دسترس بودن ، دسترسی و جذابیت فضای سبز شهری در شهرهای پساجتماعی-2020 This article aims to position post socialist cities in Central and Eastern Europe in the broader debate on urban environmental justice. The article crosscuts through all three dimensions of justice (distributive/distributional, procedural/participatory, and interactional/recognition) in the context of urban green and blue space provision. Environmental justice is still an emerging topic in post socialist cities, constrained by market-orientation and neoliberal trends within society, privatization, and the primacy of private interests. The respective situation in post socialist cities provides insights into the international debate on environmental justice, by highlighting some extremes related to neoliberal and populist governments and very rapid processes that lack long-term democratic consensus within societies. The findings of this study are discussed in the context of a post socialist legacy, which includes broad tolerance for inequalities, a lack of solidarity in society, a lack of responsibility for the public interest, and extreme individualization and disregard for social interests. This has gradually led to the corporatization of local authorities and various business–government coalitions. This setting is more likely to favor business models related to the use and management of urban green and blue spaces than the environmental justice discourse. Keywords: Central and Eastern Europe | Green and blue infrastructure | Transition economies | Environmental planning | Environmental governance | Neoliberalism |
مقاله انگلیسی |
4 |
Justice-related impacts and social differentiation dynamics in Nepals REDD + projects
تأثیرات مربوط به عدالت و پویایی تمایز اجتماعی در پروژه های REDD + نپال-2020 Policies and projects aimed at Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation, and the sustainable
management of forests and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+), have been regarded as
an opportunity to improve forest governance while supporting rural livelihoods. However, now that REDD+
policies are being increasingly implemented, a number of justice-related challenges have emerged, including
how social heterogeneity should be approached to avoid deepening the unequal access to land, resources and
livelihood opportunities or even violating human rights in rural contexts. Applying an environmental justice
lens, this article analyses the experience of three local communities in Nepal participating in REDD+ pilot
projects, focusing on how indigenous peoples, women and Dalits have participated in and been affected by such
initiatives. Our research shows that the studied REDD+ pilot activities in Nepal have been, to some extent, able
to recognise, empower and benefit certain social groups, indigenous women in particular, whilst Dalits (particularly
Dalit women) had a different experience. REDD+ projects have had limited impact in addressing more
entrenched processes of political discrimination, male dominance in decision-making, and uneven participation
driven by spatial considerations or specific social targeting approaches. While the projects examined here have
been partially just, and rather sensitive to existing patterns of social differentiation, the complexity of social
differentiation still makes it difficult to operationalise environmental justice in REDD+ implementation. Hence,
we conclude that deficits in distributive, recognition and procedural justice cannot be resolved without first
addressing wider issues of social injustices throughout Nepal, historically inherited along the dimensions of
class, caste, ethnicity, gender, and spatiality. Keywords: Redd+ | Social differentiation | Environmental justice | Benefit-sharing | Participation | Recognition | Nepal |
مقاله انگلیسی |
5 |
عدالت محیطی بین المللی و تقاضا برای اقتصاد جهانی سبز : معرفی به موضوع خاص
سال انتشار: 2015 - تعداد صفحات فایل pdf انگلیسی: 7 - تعداد صفحات فایل doc فارسی: 10 این مقاله فاقد چکیده می باشد. |
مقاله ترجمه شده |