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1 |
A review on speaker recognition: Technology and challenges
مروری بر تشخیص گوینده: فناوری و چالش ها-2021 Voice is a behavioral biometric that conveys information related to a person’s traits, such as the speaker’s ethnicity, age, gender, and feeling. Speaker recognition deals with recognizing the identity of people based on their voice. Although researchers have been working on speaker recognition in the last eight decades, advancements in technology, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), smart devices, voice assistants, smart homes, and humanoids, have made its usage nowadays trendy. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature on speaker recognition. It discusses the advances made in the last decade, including the challenges in this area of research. This paper also highlights the system and structure of speaker recognition as well as its feature extraction and classifiers. The use of speaker recognition in applications is also presented. As recent studies showed the possibility of fooling machine learning into giving an incorrect pre-diction; thus, the adversarial attack is also discussed. The aim is to enhance researchers’ under-standing in the area of speaker recognition. Keywords: Biometric | Open system | Speaker recognition | Text-independent | Feature extraction | Classifier | Machine learning | Adversarial attack |
مقاله انگلیسی |
2 |
Differences in abortion rates by race–ethnicity after implementation of a restrictive Texas law
تفاوت در میزان سقط جنین توسط قومیت و نژاد پس از اجرای قانون محدود کننده تگزاس-2020 Objective: To evaluate the association between a restrictive Texas law, House Bill 2 (HB2), and receipt of
in-clinic abortion by patient’s race–ethnicity.
Study design: In this retrospective cohort study, we collected Texas state statistics on number of abortions,
abortions per county, and abortions per county by race–ethnicity for 2012, before HB2 was enacted,
and 2015, after HB2 was in effect. Using female reproductive-aged population estimates, we calculated
the abortion rate and percent change in the abortion rate between the two time periods by county,
patient residence in a county with an open clinic or HB2-related clinic closure, and change in distance
to an open clinic for each race–ethnicity. We also used geospatial analyses to depict the greatest decrease
in abortion rate by race–ethnicity and county.
Results: In Texas, there were 64,716 reported abortions in 2012 and 54,253 in 2015. Statewide, there was
a 20% decrease in the abortion rate affecting all racial-ethnic groups, yet the reduction was greater among
Hispanic women compared to White women (25% vs. 16%, respectively). The abortion rate also
decreased more among those living in a county with an HB2-related clinic closure, especially for
Hispanic women (41% Hispanic vs. 29% White vs. 30% Black vs. 3% Other). Hispanic women whose
travel distance increased 100+ miles had the greatest reduction in the abortion rate (43%). Geospatial
mapping confirmed our quantitative findings.
Conclusion: HB2 led to a disproportionate reduction in the abortion rate among Hispanic women in
Texas, including those living in counties with a closed clinic or traveling long distances to obtain inclinic
abortion care.
Implications: Restrictive abortion policies in Texas may disproportionately burden Hispanic women and
those affected by clinic closures. Keywords: Abortion rate | Induced abortion | Legislation | Race–ethnicity | Disparity |
مقاله انگلیسی |
3 |
Factors associated with abortion at 12 or more weeks gestation after implementation of a restrictive Texas law
عوامل مرتبط با سقط جنین در 12 یا بیشتر از هفته های حاملگی پس از اجرای قانون محدود کننده تگزاس-2020 Objective: To examine factors associated with obtaining abortion at 12 or more weeks gestation in
26 Texas after implementation of a restrictive law.
27 Study Design: In this retrospective cohort study, we collected data from eight Texas abortion clinics that
28 provided services at 12 or more weeks gestation from April 1, 2015 to March 30, 2016, after a restrictive
29 abortion law enacted in November 2013 shuttered many of the state’s clinics. We examined factors
30 associated with obtaining in-clinic abortion services between 3-11 versus 12-24 weeks gestation
31 including patient race-ethnicity, income level, and driving distance to the clinic using chi-square tests
32 and calculating odds ratios. We further subcategorized abortion between 15-24 weeks to determine
33 who may be most affected by a Texas law banning dilation and evacuation (D&E).
34 Results: Among 24,555 in-clinic abortions, 19.2% (n=4,714) occurred at 12 or more weeks gestation.
35 Compared to patients who obtained care between 3-11 weeks, those who obtained care at 12 or more
36 weeks were more likely to be Black than White (OR 1.18; 95% CI 1.05-1.31), live ≤110% of the federal
37 poverty level than have higher income (OR 2.09; 95% CI 1.94-2.26), and drive 50+ miles than 1-24 miles
38 to obtain care (OR 1.25; 95% CI 1.15-1.38). These associations remained for those obtaining care
39 between 15-24 weeks. Even after adjusting for race-ethnicity and driving distance, low-income patients
40 had greater odds of obtaining care in between 15-24 weeks (aOR 1.52; 95% CI 1.21-1.91).
41 Conclusions: Patients obtaining abortion at 12 or more weeks gestation in Texas are more likely Black, low-income, and travel far distances to obtain in-clinic care.
43 Implications: In Texas, patients who are Black, low-income, and travel the farthest are more likely to
44 obtain in-clinic abortion between 15-24 weeks gestation, commonly performed via D&E. If Texas Senate
45 Bill 8 (SB8) banning D&E goes into effect, these patients may be prevented from obtaining care. |
مقاله انگلیسی |
4 |
Juror appraisals of forensic evidence: Effects of blind proficiency and cross-examination
ارزیابی صلاحیت شواهد پزشکی قانونی: تأثیر مهارت کور و معاینه متقابل-2020 Forensic testimony plays a crucial role in many criminal cases, with requests to crime laboratories
steadily increasing. As part of efforts to improve the reliability of forensic evidence, scientific and policy
groups increasingly recommend routine and blind proficiency tests of practitioners. What is not known is
how doing so affects how lay jurors assess testimony by forensic practitioners in court. In Study 1, we
recruited 1398 lay participants, recruited online using Qualtrics to create a sample representative of the
U.S. population with respect to age, gender, income, race/ethnicity, and geographic region. Each read a
mock criminal trial transcript in which a forensic examiner presented the central evidence. The low-
proficiency forensic examiner elicited a lower conviction rate and less favorable impressions than the
control, an examiner for which no proficiency information was disclosed. However, the high-proficiency
examiner did not correspondingly elicit a higher conviction rate or more favorable impressions than the
control. In Study 2, 1420 participants, similarly recruited using Qualtrics, received the same testimony,
but for some conditions the examiner was cross-examined by a defense attorney. We
find crossexamination significantly reduced guilty votes and examiner ratings for low-proficiency examiners.
These results suggest that disclosing results of blind proficiency testing can inform jury decision-making,
and further, that defense lawyering can make proficiency information particularly salient at a criminal
trial. Keywords: Forensic science | Proficiency testing | Expert testimony | Cross-examination | Jury decision-making |
مقاله انگلیسی |
5 |
The nature of police shootings in New Zealand: A comparison of mental health and non-mental health events
ماهیت تیراندازی پلیس در نیوزلند: مقایسه سلامت روان و رویدادهای سلامت غیر روانی-2020 The use of firearms by police in mental health-related events has not been previously researched in New Zealand. This study analysed reports of investigations carried out by the Independent Police Conduct Authority between 1995 and 2019. We extracted data relating to mental health state, demographics, setting, police response, outcome of shooting, and whether the individual was known to police, mental health services, and with a history of mental distress or drug use. Of the 258 reports analysed, 47 (18%) involved mental health-related events compared to 211 (82%) classified as non-mental health events. Nineteen (40.4%) of the 47 mental health events resulted in shootings, compared to 31 (14.8%) of the 211 non-mental health events. Of the 50 cases that involvedshootings 38% (n = 19) were identified as mental health events compared to 62% (n = 31) non-mental health events. Over half of the mental health events (n = 11, 57.9%) resulted in fatalities, compared to 35.5% (n = 11)of the non-mental health events. Cases predominantly involved young males. We could not ascertain the ethnicity of individuals from the IPCA reports. Across all shooting events, a high proportion of individuals possessed a weapon, predominantly either a firearm or a knife, and just under half were known to police and hadknown substance use. Of the 19 mental health events, 47.4% (n = 9) of individuals were known to mental health services and in 89.5% (n = 17) of cases wha¯nau (family) were aware of the individual’s current (at the time of theevent) mental health distress and/or history. These findings suggest opportunities to prevent the escalation ofevents to the point where they involve shootings. Lack of ethnicity data limits the accountability of the IPCA and is an impediment to informed discussion of police response to people of different ethnicities, and Mori in particular, in New Zealand. Keywords: Police | Mental health | Use of force | Firearms | Ethnicity |
مقاله انگلیسی |
6 |
Recent advances in identifying and theorizing the role of immigrant entrepreneurs, ethnicity, and culture in industrial marketing
پیشرفت های اخیر در شناسایی و نظریه پردازی نقش کارآفرینان مهاجر ، قومیت و فرهنگ در بازاریابی صنعتی-2020 This special issue of Industrial Marketing Management (IMM) features four articles that
cover topics related to immigrant entrepreneurs, ethnicity, and culture in industrial marketing.
This introductory paper summarizes the contributions of these articles and points out future
research directions |
مقاله انگلیسی |
7 |
The utility of self-reported psychopathic traits in predicting recidivism among a sample of incarcerated female youths
ابزاری از صفات روانی خود گزارشی شده در پیش بینی تکرار جرم در نمونه ای از جوانان زن زندانی-2020 Only a few studies have prospectively examined the utility of self-reported measures of psychopathic traits in
predicting criminal behavior among forensic samples of female youth offenders. The main aim of this study is to
compare the utility of two self-report measures of psychopathic-like traits in predicting criminal recidivism
among a sample of incarcerated female youths. Participants (N=76) from the three nation-wide Portuguese
juvenile detention centers that admit female youths were followed over two years and prospectively classified as
recidivists versus non-recidivists. Logistic regression models controlling for crime frequency and ethnicity revealed
that neither the Antisocial Process Screening Device – Self-Report (APSD-SR) nor the Youth Psychopathic
Traits Inventory (YPI) and their respective dimensions significantly predicted one- and two-year general recidivism
and violent recidivism. Findings mostly suggest there are clear limitations in terms of the incremental
utility of self-report measures of psychopathic traits in predicting criminal recidivism among incarcerated female
juveniles. Keywords: Crime | Female juvenile delinquents | Psychopathic traits | Recidivism |
مقاله انگلیسی |
8 |
Justice-related impacts and social differentiation dynamics in Nepals REDD + projects
تأثیرات مربوط به عدالت و پویایی تمایز اجتماعی در پروژه های REDD + نپال-2020 Policies and projects aimed at Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation, and the sustainable
management of forests and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+), have been regarded as
an opportunity to improve forest governance while supporting rural livelihoods. However, now that REDD+
policies are being increasingly implemented, a number of justice-related challenges have emerged, including
how social heterogeneity should be approached to avoid deepening the unequal access to land, resources and
livelihood opportunities or even violating human rights in rural contexts. Applying an environmental justice
lens, this article analyses the experience of three local communities in Nepal participating in REDD+ pilot
projects, focusing on how indigenous peoples, women and Dalits have participated in and been affected by such
initiatives. Our research shows that the studied REDD+ pilot activities in Nepal have been, to some extent, able
to recognise, empower and benefit certain social groups, indigenous women in particular, whilst Dalits (particularly
Dalit women) had a different experience. REDD+ projects have had limited impact in addressing more
entrenched processes of political discrimination, male dominance in decision-making, and uneven participation
driven by spatial considerations or specific social targeting approaches. While the projects examined here have
been partially just, and rather sensitive to existing patterns of social differentiation, the complexity of social
differentiation still makes it difficult to operationalise environmental justice in REDD+ implementation. Hence,
we conclude that deficits in distributive, recognition and procedural justice cannot be resolved without first
addressing wider issues of social injustices throughout Nepal, historically inherited along the dimensions of
class, caste, ethnicity, gender, and spatiality. Keywords: Redd+ | Social differentiation | Environmental justice | Benefit-sharing | Participation | Recognition | Nepal |
مقاله انگلیسی |
9 |
Covariates of hazardous alcohol use among sexual and gender minorities in Texas: Identifying the most vulnerable
متغیر های کمکی مصرف الکل خطرناک در بین اقلیتهای جنسی و جنسیتی در تگزاس: شناسایی آسیب پذیرترین افراد-2020 Background: Information is limited on the prevalence of hazardous drinking and associated covariates among
sexual and gender minority (SGM) persons. These analyses estimated the prevalence of hazardous drinking and
identified associated covariates.
Methods: A total of 1273 SGM adolescents and adults living in Texas completed an online survey between March
2016 and January 2017. Variables associated with hazardous drinking at the bivariate-level (p < 0.10) were
entered into multiple logistic regression models to estimate the strength of their association.
Results: More than a third (39.1%) of participants meet criteria for hazardous drinking. Compared to non-hazardous
drinkers, hazardous drinkers were younger (x = 20.7 [SD = 8.9] vs. x = 26.5 [SD = 13.8]) and more
likely to be Hispanic (41.5% vs. 26.2%). Hazardous drinkers were more likely to report using substances in past
12 months, including opioids (15.3% vs. 6.7%), stimulants (26.3% vs. 12.7%), and marijuana (37.6% vs. 21.2%).
More hazardous drinkers reported injecting drugs (12.3% vs. 5.8%) and having a history of incarceration (14.1%
vs. 7.3%). They were less likely to be diagnosed with depression (50.2% vs. 56.5%). When entered into a
multivariate logistic regression model, hazardous drinkers were more likely to be younger (aOR = 0.97 [0.95,
0.98]), Hispanic (aOR = 1.5 [1.2, 2.0]), have a history of incarceration (aOR = 2.4 [1.5, 3.6]), and use a
substance, not including marijuana (aOR=1.7 [1.3, 2.3]). They were less likely to be diagnosed with depression
(aOR = 0.73 [0.6, 0.9]).
Conclusions: Our findings highlight the intersection of race and ethnicity, mental health, criminal justice involvement,
and substance use and the need for tailored interventions that address underlying determinants. Keywords: Alcohol use | Substance use | LGBT health | Hispanics | Criminal justice |
مقاله انگلیسی |
10 |
A programmatic intervention to promote entrepreneurial selfefficacy, critical behavior, and technology readiness among underrepresented college students
یک مداخله برنامه ای برای ارتقا کارآیی کارآفرینی ، رفتار انتقادی و آمادگی فناوری در میان دانشجویان کم دانشگاه-2020 Underrepresented students face challenges in accessing entrepreneurial education and careers in
science, technology, engineering and mathematics. In attempts to address this deficit, a five-week
social entrepreneurship program (named Poder) with a focus on technology was implemented at
one of the largest community college systems in the U.S. Conceptually, the program curriculum
was grounded in Social Cognitive Career Theory and Critical Consciousness, two approaches
noted for helping underserved students. In order to evaluate the efficacy of the program, students
from diverse backgrounds (n=106) completed pre- and post-test measures, which included
instruments assessing entrepreneurial self-efficacy, entrepreneurial skills, civic participation,
critical behavior, technology optimism, and technology innovation. Results from paired samples
t-tests and a series of repeated measures mixed-design ANOVAS suggest that students experienced
significant increases in all outcome measures, except for civic participation, and effects were not
moderated by race/ethnicity, gender, or immigration status. These results suggest that the program,
designed with a culturally responsive curriculum, was effective in promoting the career
development of culturally diverse and underrepresented students. We discuss conceptual and
practical contributions for addressing educational attainment gaps and systemic issues in entrepreneurship
and STEM education. Keywords: Critical entrepreneurship | Underrepresented students | STEM education | Social cognitive career theory | Community college |
مقاله انگلیسی |