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نتیجه جستجو - Extensive margin

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 3
ردیف عنوان نوع
1 Shifting from pay-as-you-go to individual retirement accounts: A path to a sustainable pension system
تغییر از پرداخت به عنوان شما به حساب های بازنشستگی فردی: مسیر به یک سیستم بازنشستگی پایدار-2021
With aging demographics and generous pension programs, the sustainability of the pay-as-yougo (PAYG) public pension system has been often questioned and has motivated policymakers to enact reforms in many countries. Although mandatory funded Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) appear to be a solution to this unsustainable system, existing reforms usually take place within the PAYG system by reducing pension benefits. This paper evaluates the effects of PAYG reforms as well as reforms that switch to the IRA system. Our analysis shows that PAYG reforms outperform IRA reforms in many aspects. In fact, PAYG reforms achieve higher GDP and yield higher welfare in the long run. The transition to the steady state is also found to be less volatile for PAYG reforms. While PAYG generally places a larger burden on future generations, the positive welfare effect of cross-subsidization dominates the welfare loss. Our findings may explain why pension reform is a controversial issue in most countries and why we rarely observe a shift to the IRA system.
Keywords: Pension reform | Individual retirement account | Labor supply | Intensive and extensive margin | Welfare analysis
مقاله انگلیسی
2 Export market exit and financial health in crises periods
خروج از بازار صادرات و سلامت مالی در دوره های زمانی بحران-2018
This paper uses rich firm-level data for the UK to investigate the link between firms’ financial health and export exit, paying attention to the ERM currency crisis and the global financial crisis. Our results show that deterioration in the financial position of firms has increased the hazard of export exit during the 2007–09 crisis but has no significant effect on the early 1990s crisis. We also explore the extent to which firms in financially vulnerable industries face greater sensitivity of export exit to financial conditions. We conclude that firms in sectors with great reliance on external finance experience higher hazards of exiting the export market during the 2007–09 crisis.
keywords: Financial health |Financial vulnerability |Exports |Extensive margin |Crises
مقاله انگلیسی
3 An Empirical Assessment of the Export—Financial Constraint Relationship: How Different are Small and Medium Enterprises?
ارزیابی تجربی از صادرات و رابطه محدودیت مالی : شرکت های کوچک و متوسط چقدر متفاوت هستند؟-2016
We analyze the financial constraint—export relationship in a framework that is consistent with stylized features of data. The analysis accounts for whether firms need loans or have sufficient capital, and studies the use of bank loans (quantity of finance) and availability of overdraft facilities (flexibility of finance). We develop a two-stage estimation procedure that uses an equation of bank financing in the first stage and an export equation in the second. We find that export participation (extensive margin) and the share of exports in total sales (intensive margin) increase with the availability of overdraft facilities, particularly so for SMEs with loan needs. The percentage of foreign ownership, ISO certification, and operation in manufacturing sector are also significant and positively associated with a firm’s export participation and firm’s share of exports in total sales. The main results are robust to a battery of econometric specifications and statistical tests applied on the firm-level data from our sample countries. The finding of a large economic significance of the overdraft facility variable is consistent with a growing concern from SMEs that the regulatory response to the Global Financial Crisis has forced banks to tighten risk management, thereby raising the rejection rates of overdraft and loan applications from SMEs. For SMEs in developing countries and emerging markets, the improvement of alternative financing forms and supportive government interventions has become ever more challenging.
Key words — credit access | SME | exporting firms | financial structure | Asia | Thailand
مقاله انگلیسی
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