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Association of childhood blood lead levels with firearm violence perpetration and victimization in Milwaukee
انجمن سطح سرب خون در كودكان با خشونت سلاح گرم و قربانی شدن در میلواکی-2020 Childhood lead exposure impairs future decision-making and may influence criminal behavior, but its role in
future firearm violence is unclear. Using public health, education, and criminal justice datasets linked at the
individual level, we studied a population-based cohort of all persons born between June 1, 1986 and December
31, 2003 with a valid blood lead test before age 6 years and stable Milwaukee residency (n=89,129). We
estimated associations with firearm violence perpetration (n=553) and victimization (n=983) using logistic
regression, adjusting for temporal trends, child sex, race, and neighborhood socioeconomic status. Increasing
risks for firearm violence perpetration and victimization were found in each higher category of blood lead
compared to the lowest, after adjusting for confounding. For perpetration, risk ratios (RR) for increasing comparisons
of mean blood lead in categories of ≥5 < 10, ≥10 < 20, and ≥20 μg/dL compared to persons with
mean blood lead < 5 μg/dL, were: RR 2.3 (95% CI 1.6, 3.3), RR 2.5 (95% CI 1.7, 3.9), and RR 2.8 (95% CI 1.8,
4.4). For victimization, the same increasing categoric comparisons were: RR 1.8 (95% CI 1.4, 2.3), RR 2.4 (95%
CI 1.8, 3.2), RR 3.3 (95% CI 2.4, 4.5). The proportion of firearm violence attributable to blood lead ≥5 μg/dL
was 56% for perpetration and 51% for victimization. In Milwaukee, during a period of high lead exposures,
childhood levels may have substantially contributed to adult firearm violence. While we cannot definitively
conclude causality, the possibility that over half of firearm violence among this sample might be due to lead
exposure suggests the potential importance of lead exposure reduction in firearm violence prevention efforts. Keywords: Lead exposure | Firearm violence perpetration | Firearm violence victimization | Blood lead |
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