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نتیجه جستجو - Fungi

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 22
ردیف عنوان نوع
1 Evolving challenges and strategies for fungal control in the food supply chain
چالش ها و استراتژی های در حال کنترل برای کنترل قارچ در زنجیره تامین مواد غذایی-2021
Fungi that spoil foods or infect crops can have major socioeconomic impacts, posing threats to food security. The strategies needed to manage these fungi are evolving, given the growing incidence of fungicide resistance, tightening regulations of chemicals use and market trends imposing new food-preservation challenges. For example, alternative methods for crop protection such as RNA-based fungicides, biocontrol, or stimulation of natural plant defences may lessen concerns like environmental toxicity of chemical fungicides. There is renewed focus on natural product preservatives and fungicides, which can bypass regulations for ‘clean label’ food products. These require investment to find effective, safe activities within complex mixtures such as plant extracts. Alternatively, physical measures may be one key for fungal control, such as polymer materials which passively resist attachment and colonization by fungi. Reducing or replacing traditional chlorine treatments (e.g. of post-harvest produce) is desirable to limit formation of disinfection by-products. In addition, the current growth in lower sugar food products can alter metabolic routing of carbon utilization in spoilage yeasts, with implications for efficacy of food preservatives acting via metabolism. The use of preservative or fungicide combinations, while involving more than one chemical, can reduce total chemicals usage where these act synergistically. Such approaches might also help target different subpopulations within heteroresistant fungal populations. These approaches are discussed in the context of cur- rent challenges for food preservation, focussing on pre-harvest fungal control, fresh pro- duce and stored food preservation. Several strategies show growing potential for mitigating or reversing the risks posed by fungi in the food supply chain.ª 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Mycological Society. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). * Corresponding author. E-mail address: Simon.Avery@nottingham.ac.uk (S. V. Avery).1 Authors made equal contributions. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbr.2021.01.0031749-4613/ª 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Mycological Society. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Keywords: Agrichemicals | Antimicrobial resistance | Food spoilage | Phytopathogens | Spoilage fungi
مقاله انگلیسی
2 Biometric, chemical, and microbiological evaluation of common wheat ( Triticum aestivum L:) seedlings fertilized with mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor L:) larvae meal
ارزیابی بیومتریک ، شیمیایی و میکروبیولوژیکی نهال گندم معمولی (Triticum aestivum L:) بارور شده با پودر لارو کرم غذایی (Tenebrio molitor L:)-2021
Alternative organic fertilizers are being developed to minimize the adverse environmental impact of chemical plant protection agents. The interest in industrial-scale insect farming has increased in recent years. Mealworm larvae are a rich source of protein and fatty acids. This study focuses on mealworm larvae, which are characterized by a rapid increase in biomass and a high nutritional value. In the present experiment, mealworm larvaewere processed into fertilizer with a high content of organic nitrogen. The fertilizer’s effect on wheat growth, soiland rhizosphere microorganisms, including phytopathogenic fungi of the genus Fusarium, and N-cycle, was analyzed. Mineral nitrogen fertilizer and mealworm larvae meal used as fertilizer caused a similar increase (~40%) in the total nitrogen content of the soil. Due to its mineral content, mealworm larvae meal contributed to an increase in the concentrations of P, K, and Mg in soil. The amino acid quality was high (0.89). Increasing the load of Bacillus spp. after using the meal was negatively correlated with the Fusarium spp. load in the wheat rhizosphere. In the case of meal fertilization, ammonification was noticed, and organic nitrogen was successively mineralized. The fertilizer produced from mealworm larvae offers a viable alternative to mineral fertilizers. It improves the health and nutrient status of wheat seedlings and stimulates the growth of Bacillus bacteria that enhance the availability of soil nutrients to plants and prevent seedling damping off. Further research is needed to confirm the applicability of the mealworm fertilizer in other field crops.
Keywords: Insect meal | Amino acids | Rhizosphere microorganisms | Biometry | Nitrogen
مقاله انگلیسی
3 Postharvest environmentally and human-friendly pre-treatments to minimize carrot waste in the supply chain caused by physiological disorders and fungi
پیش تصفیه های دوستانه محیط زیست و انسانی پس از برداشت برای به حداقل رساندن ضایعات هویج در زنجیره تأمین ناشی از اختلالات فیزیولوژیکی و قارچ ها-2021
Background: Carrot is one of the most important horticultural crops, with an annual worldwide production exceeding 40 million tonnes. Carrots are sold either fresh intact or fresh-cut as minimally processed vegetables (MPV). In the postharvest supply chain, physiological disorders, fungal decay, and their combinations reduce the quality of fresh intact and MPV carrots. MPV carrots are more susceptible to quality changes than fresh intact carrots due to a higher loss of protective epidermis, greater number of wounded cells, and increased respiration rates. Scope and approach: The current review summarizes different environmentally and human-friendly treatments applied in the postharvest supply chain to minimize the adverse effects of handling and storage on physiological disorders and fungal decay. Key findings and conclusions: Bitterness, white blush, and browning are the most critical physiological disorders of fresh and MPV carrots. Bitterness can be prevented by storing carrots in well-ventilated rooms without ethylene- producing fruit and vegetables, while white blush and browning can be controlled by the application of heat treatment, ultraviolet (UV)-irradiation, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and edible films. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria radicina, and Berkeleyomyces spp. (formerly Thielaviopsis spp.) are important fungi causing carrot postharvest losses and waste. Fungal decay of carrots can be controlled by selecting healthy carrots and applying natural compounds, ozone (O3), heat treatment, UV-irradiation, inorganic salt, and/or biocontrol agents, and their combinations. However, a successful combination of different sustainable treatment methods requires treatment compatibility, and -omics techniques may reveal the best combinations of sustainable treatment methods.
Keywords: Daucus carota | Horticulture | Supply chain | Ozone | UV-Irradiation | Heat treatment
مقاله انگلیسی
4 Use of standardized bioinformatics for the analysis of fungal DNA signatures applied to sample provenance
استفاده از بیوانفورماتیک استاندارد برای تجزیه و تحلیل امضاهای DNA قارچی اعمال شده برای پیشروی نمونه-2020
The use of environmental trace material to aid criminal investigations is an ongoing field of research within forensic science. The application of environmental material thus far has focused upon a variety of different objectives relevant to forensic biology, including sample provenance (also referred to as sample attribution). The capability to predict the provenance or origin of an environmental DNA sample would be an advantageous addition to the suite of investigative tools currently available. A metabarcoding approach is often used to predict sample provenance, through the extraction and comparison of the DNA signatures found within different environmental materials, such as the bacteria within soil or fungi within dust. Such approaches are combined with bioinformatics workflows and statistical modelling, often as part of large-scale study, with less emphasis on the investigation of the adaptation of these methods to a smaller scale method for forensic use. The present work was investigating a small-scale approach as an adaptation of a larger metabarcoding study to develop a model for global sample provenance using fungal DNA signatures collected from dust swabs. This adaptation was to facilitate a standardized method for consistent, reproducible sample treatment, including bioinformatics processing and final application of resulting data to the available prediction model. To investigate this small-scale method, 76 DNA samples were treated as anonymous test samples and analyzed using the standardized process to demonstrate and evaluate processing and customized sequence data analysis. This testing included samples originating from countries previously used to train the model, samples artificially mixed to represent multiple or mixed countries, as well as outgroup samples. Positive controls were also developed to monitor laboratory processing and bioinformatics analysis. Through this evaluation we were able to demonstrate that the samples could be processed and analyzed in a consistent manner, facilitated by a relatively user-friendly bioinformatic pipeline for sequence data analysis. Such investigation into standardized analyses and application of metabarcoding data is of key importance for the future use of applied microbiology in forensic science.
Keywords: Forensic microbiology | Bioinformatics | Metabarcoding | Sample provenance
مقاله انگلیسی
5 Short-term neuronal effects of Fumonisin B1 on neuronal activity in rodents
اثرات عصبی کوتاه مدت Fumonisin B1 بر فعالیت عصبی در جوندگان-2020
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by microscopic fungi (mostly Fusarium species), which may infect our major crops. The toxin inhibits the development of these plants and may also have harmful effects on animals and humans consuming the infected crops. FB1 inhibits sphingolipid biosynthesis which leads to altered membrane characteristics and consequently, altered cellular functions. There are some indications that the toxin has inhibitory effects on neuronal activity in case of repeated consumption, presumably due to sphingolipid depletion. However, according to new literature data, FB1 may have acute excitatory neural effects, too, via different mechanisms of action. Therefore, in the present study, we addressed the neuronal network effects of FB1 following acute treatment, using different electrophysiological techniques in vitro and in vivo. Acute treatments with FB1 (10-100 μM) were carried out on brain slices, tissue cultures and live animals. After direct treatment of samples, electrically evoked or spontaneous field potentials were examined in the hippocampus and the neocortex of rat brain slices and in hippocampal cell cultures. In the hippocampus, a short-term increase in the excitability of neuronal networks and individual cells was observed in response to FB1 treatment. In some cases, the initially enhanced excitation was reversed presumably due to overactivation of neuronal networks. Normal spontaneous activity was found to be stimulated in hippocampal cell cultures. Seizure susceptibility was not affected in the neocortex of brain slices. For the verification of the results caused by direct treatment, effects of systemic administration of FB1 (7.5 mg/kg, i.p.) were also examined. Evoked field potentials recorded in vivo from the somatosensory cortex and cell activation measured by the c-fos technique in hippocampus and somatosensory cortex were analyzed. However, the hippocampal and cortical stimulatory effect detected in vitro could not be demonstrated by these in vivo assays. Altogether, the toxin enhanced the basic excitability of neurons and neuronal networks after direct treatment but there were no effects on the given brain areas after systemic treatment in vivo. Based on the observed in vitro FB1 effects and the lack of data on the penetration of FB1 across the blood-brain barrier, we assume that in vivo consequences of FB1 administration can be more prominent in case of perturbed blood-brain barrier functions.
Keywords: neurotoxicity | electrophysiology | c-Fos, mycotoxin | field potential | brain slice | tissue culture
مقاله انگلیسی
6 Pollen molecular biology: Applications in the forensic palynology and future prospects: A review
زیست شناسی مولکولی گرده: برنامه های کاربردی در palynology پزشکی قانونی و چشم اندازهای آینده: یک بررسی-2020
Palynology, which is the study of pollen and spores in an archaeological or geological context, has become a well-established research tool leading to many significant scientific developments. The term palynomorph includes pollen of spermatophytes, spores of fungi, ferns, and bryophytes, as well as other organic-walled microfossils, such as dinoflagellates and acritarches. Advances in plant genomics have had a high impact on the field of forensic botany. Forensic palynology has also been used and applied more recently to criminal investigation in a meaningful way. However, the use of pollen DNA profiling in forensic investigations has yet to be applied. There were earlier uses of dust traces in some forensic analyses that considered pollen as a type of botanical dust debris. Pollen grains can be studied for comparative morphological data, clues to unexpected aspects relating to breeding systems, pollination biology and hybridization. This can provide a better understanding of the entire biology of the group under investigation. Forensic palynology refers to the use of pollen and other spores when it is used as evidence in legal cases to resolve criminal issues by proving or disproving relationships between people and crime scenes. This overview describes the various contributions and the significance of palynology, its applications, different recent approaches and how it could be further employed in solving criminal investigations.
Keywords: Palynology | Forensic | Forensic palynology | Pollen | Spores
مقاله انگلیسی
7 Adoption and economic analysis of using biological control in Philippine highland farms: Case of Trichoderma koningii strain KA
اتخاذ و تجزیه و تحلیل اقتصادی استفاده از کنترل بیولوژیکی در مزارع مرتفع فیلیپین: مورد Trichoderma koningii strain KA-2020
This study summarized evidence of adoption and outcomes of using Trichoderma koningii in highland agriculture in the Philippines, and estimated economic rate of returns to T. koningii R&D. Adoption rates were estimated from sales data of T. koningii pure culture, and net incremental changes based on reviewed field experiments in the Cordillera region, Philippines and partial budget analysis based on farmer interviews. Findings showed that T. koningii are being used mostly by organic and good agricultural practice producers as biofungicide for disease management, and as soil nutrient and compost enhancer. T. koningii pure culture annual geometric growth rate of sales was at 29.7% and overall adoption rate in Benguet in 2018 was roughly estimated at 0.03%. Identified constraints to adoption are: high price; misconception that Trichoderma is for organic farmers only; slow effect of the technology; limited information; and limited market outlets and marketing strategies. The estimated change in yield due to use of T. koningii ranged from 10% to 50% based on farmer interviews, and 4% to 92% based on field and pot experiments in various crops and uses from literature. The net present value (NPV) assuming a 10% real social discount rate is PhP4.3 M (USD0.08M), and the rate of returns for the Philippine government investing resources in T. koningii development and promotion was estimated at 49.1% considering a 10-year period. Assuming the lowest estimate of net benefit at PhP28670 ha-1 (547 USD ha-1) and 20 years project duration, the NPV is Php3.7 M (USD 0.07M). The study contributes policy support to sustained promotion of T. koningii and continued government funding for effective biological control and biofertilizer R&D.
Keywords: Trichoderma koningii | adoption of biological control | economics of biological control
مقاله انگلیسی
8 Investigation of direct and indirect transfer of microbiomes between individuals
بررسی انتقال مستقیم و غیرمستقیم میکروبیومها بین افراد-2020
The human microbiome encompasses the fungi, bacteria and viruses that live on, within, and immediately surrounding the body. Microbiomes have potential utility in forensic science as an evidentiary tool to link or exclude persons of interest associated with criminal activities. Research has shown the microbiome is individualised, and that personal microbial signatures can be recovered from surfaces such as phones, shoes and fabrics. Before the human microbiome may be used as an investigative tool, further research is required to investigate the utility and potential limitations surrounding microbial profiling. This includes the detectability of microbial transfer between individuals or items, the associated risks (such as contamination events) and the applicability of microbial profiling for forensic purposes. This research aimed to identify whether an individual’s distinguishable microbiome could be transferred to another individual and onto substrates, and vice versa. Paper, cotton, and glass surfaces were chosen to represent a range of substrate matrices. The study involved six participants placed into three pairs; participants took part in two modes of transfer. Transfer Mode 1 involved the pair shaking hands, followed by rubbing a substrate in their right hand. Transfer Mode 2 involved individuals rubbing a substrate in their left hand, swapping substrates with their partner and then rubbing the swapped substrate in their left hand. 16S rRNA sequencing was performed on the extracted microbial DNA from participant and substrate samples. Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology 2 (QIIME 2) was used for sequence quality control and beta (between-sample) diversity analyses and taxonomic assignment. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) based on Jaccard distances was visualised through Emperor software to determine the phylogenetic similarity of bacterial communities between participants and among participant pairs. Statistical testing through PERMANOVA revealed significant differences in the Jaccard distances between each participant pair (P < 0.001), highlighting not only the potential distinguishability of skin microbiomes among individuals, but also the clustering effect observed between participant pairs due to the potential transfer of hand-associated microbiomes between individuals. The study demonstrated that transfer of the human skin microbiome had occurred between all participant pairs, regardless of substrate type or mode of transfer.
Keywords: Forensic | Skin microbiome | Transfer | Microbial profiling | Crime scene
مقاله انگلیسی
9 CYBELE –Fostering precision agriculture & livestock farming through secure access to large-scale HPC enabled virtual industrial experimentation environments fostering scalable big data analytics
کوبله -Fostering کشاورزی دقیق و دام کشاورزی از طریق دسترسی امن به HPC در مقیاس بزرگ فعال محیط آزمایش صنعتی مجازی پرورش تجزیه و تحلیل داده های بزرگ مقیاس پذیر-2020
According to McKinsey & Company, about a third of food produced is lost or wasted every year, amount- ing to a $940 billion economic hit. Inefficiencies in planting, harvesting, water use, reduced animal contri- butions, as well as uncertainty about weather, pests, consumer demand and other intangibles contribute to the loss. Precision Agriculture (PA) and Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) come to assist in optimiz- ing agricultural and livestock production and minimizing the wastes and costs aforementioned. PA is a technology-enabled, data-driven approach to farming management that observes, measures, and analyzes the needs of individual fields and crops. PLF is also a technology-enabled, data-driven approach to live- stock production management, which exploits technology to quantitatively measure the behavior, health and performance of animals. Big data delivered by a plethora of data sources related to these domains, has a multitude of payoffs including precision monitoring of fertilizer and fungicide levels to optimize crop yields, risk mitigation that results from monitoring when temperature and humidity levels reach dangerous levels for crops, increasing livestock production while minimizing the environmental footprint of livestock farming, ensuring high levels of welfare and health for animals, and more. By adding ana- lytics to these sensor and image data, opportunities also exist to further optimize PA and PLF by having continuous data on how a field or the livestock is responding to a protocol. For these domains, two main challenges exist: 1) to exploit this multitude of data facilitating dedicated improvements in performance, and 2) to make available advanced infrastructure so as to harness the power of this information in order to benefit from the new insights, practices and products, efficiently time-wise, lowering responsiveness down to seconds so as to cater for time-critical decisions. The current paper aims to introduce CYBELE, a platform aspiring to safeguard that the stakeholders involved in the agri-food value chain (research community, SMEs, entrepreneurs, etc.) have integrated, unmediated access to a vast amount of very large scale datasets of diverse types and coming from a variety of sources, and that they are capable of actually generating value and extracting insights out of these data, by providing secure and unmediated access to large-scale High Performance Computing (HPC) infrastructures supporting advanced data discovery, pro- cessing, combination and visualization services, solving computationally-intensive challenges modelled as mathematical algorithms requiring very high computing power and capability.
Keywords: Precision agriculture | Precision livestock farming | High performance computing | Big data analytics
مقاله انگلیسی
10 Chemistry and bioactivities of secondary metabolites from the genus Fusarium
شیمی و فعالیت زیستی متابولیتهای ثانویه از جنس Fusarium-2020
A growing body of evidence suggests that endophytic fungi represent a huge and largely untapped resource of natural products with novel structures and biodiversity that have been optimized by evolution for biological and ecological relevance. Fusarium species, known as the chief criminal of causing quality and yield reductions of grain crops, is a large genus of filamentous fungi with worldwide distribution. The chemical structures of 162 metabolites isolated and characterized from Fusarium species during the past six years are presented along with information of their biological activities. Biosynthesis of some biologically important mycotoxins are also reviewed.
Keywords: Fusarium | Secondary metabolites | Structure | Biological activity | Biosynthesis
مقاله انگلیسی
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