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Managing the dangers in Lake Kivu – How and why
مدیریت خطرات موجود در دریاچه کیوو - چگونه و چرا-2020 Lake Kivu is probably the Worlds largest natural freshwater digester of algae to produce biogas. Its resources in
situ may generate power for generations. Extracting gas is essential to avert a future limnic eruption.
Undisturbed, the reservoir formed by salinity-based chemoclines, keeps biogenic CH4 and CO₂ in solution. This is
stored in lower strata of the lake.
Gases accumulating ever closer to saturation levels, threaten to cause a future limnic eruption. An eruption as
occurred at Lake Nyos in Cameroon in 1986 with 1746 casualties, can result if not prevented. But Lake Kivu has
potential and inventory for consequences 1000 times larger.
Based on novel hypotheses on vertical transport and the lakes history, we used multidisciplinary analyses of
this situation. One can foresee its outcomes and recognise system constraints.
Therefore, initiating gas extraction enables the vital outcomes; (a) society can enforce extraction methods that
ensure prevention of future disasters while, (b) minimizing environmental impact, (c) maximizing useful energy
output, and (d) developers pursuing economic projects. The key to safety is management of the chemoclines
while producing gas. Achieving safety and production needs the right specification of plant design. For gas
production facilities, it is designing to achieve what must be done technically.
After our primary concern for public safety, we examine ways of minimizing any environmental impacts.
Changes are caused by natural upwelling of saline meteoric water from lava strata into the deep monimolimnion
of nutrient-rich water bodies. Raw gas extracted must be washed with water from the mixolimnion to make the
gas fit for use in power-generation and domestic gas.
For maintenance of chemoclines, we discuss how a fraction of the degassed water must be evacuated from the
resource strata and re-injected into the mixolimnion to maintain chemoclines. The challenge lies in how to
minimize this safety-driven impact on the mixolimnion from toxic effects of H₂S, from CO₂-induced acidity, and
oxygen depletion by CH4 and H₂S. Keywords: Lake Kivu | Limnic eruption | Gas extraction | Best available technology | Risk analysis | Gas processing | Gas resource |
مقاله انگلیسی |
2 |
A review on risk assessment techniques for hydraulic fracturing water and produced water management implemented in onshore unconventional oil and gas production
مروری بر روش های ارزیابی ریسک برای شکست هیدرولیک آب و مدیریت آب تولید شده در تولید نفت و گاز نامتعارف-2016 The objective of this paper is to review different risk assessment techniques applicable to onshore unconvention- al oil and gas production to determine the risks to water quantity and quality associated with hydraulic fracturing and produced water management. Water resources could be at risk without proper management of water, chemicals, and produced water. Previous risk assessments in the oil and gas industry were performed from an engineering perspective leaving aside important social factors. Different risk assessment methods and techniques are reviewed and summarized to select the most appropriate one to perform a holistic and integrated analysis of risks at every stage of the water life cycle. Constraints to performing risk assessment are identified including gaps in databases, which require more advanced techniques such as modeling. Discussions on each risk associated with water and produced water management, mitigation strategies, and future research direction are presented. Further research on risks in onshore unconventional oil and gas will benefit not only the U.S. but also other coun- tries with shale oil and gas resources.© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.* Corresponding author at: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (# 2470), North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.E-mail address: eakalak.khan@ndsu.edu (E. Khan).http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.030 0048-9697/© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Hydraulic fracturing | Risk assessment | Unconventional oil and gas production | water quality and quantity |
مقاله انگلیسی |