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Inclusiveness by design? Reviewing sustainable electricity access and entrepreneurship from a gender perspective
شمول طراحی شده توسط؟ بررسی دسترسی پایدار به برق و کارآفرینی از منظر جنسیت-2019 There is a substantial literature analysing the role of electricity as a catalyst for economic development.
However, there are significant knowledge gaps in whether such systems are or can indeed be designed in a
gender sensitive way to promote equal opportunity for socially inclusive entrepreneurship at the local level. We
make three main contributions with this paper. First, we carry out a literature review to unpack the genderelectricity-
entrepreneurship nexus by identifying the agenda of the gender-energy and gender-entrepreneurship
literature respectively and how they intersect and understand gender over time. Second, we synthesise key
factors identified as hindering and driving empowerment in relation to electricity and entrepreneurship and
identify the weaknesses of the respective literature. Third, we outline the contours of the conceptual intersection
and develop a framework which shows how electricity systems can be designed to become favourable and
economically empowering for both men and women. Furthermore, we demonstrate how local value chains can
benefit from this electric inclusiveness. Finally, with our framework, we develop recommendations for strategic
action and identify points of intervention in policy, planning, design and operation of electricity systems. Keywords: Gender and energy | Gender and entrepreneurship | Electricity access | Women’s empowerment |
مقاله انگلیسی |
2 |
Impacts of the Gender and Entrepreneurship Together Ahead (GET Ahead) training on empowerment of female microfinance borrowers in Northern Vietnam
تأثیر آموزش جنسیت و کارآفرینی در کنار هم (GET Ahead) بر توانمندسازی وام گیرندگان خرد بانکی در ویتنام شمالی-2019 Across the world the Gender and Entrepreneurship Together (GET Ahead) training originally developed
by the International Labour Organization has been implemented to improve business outcomes and
enhance women’s empowerment. This randomized controlled trial is the first rigorous attempt to examine
the impact of the GET Ahead training on women’s empowerment. We focus on the impact of offering
this training to female microfinance borrowers of TYM, the largest microfinance organization in North
Vietnam. A major contribution of this study is that it focuses on different dimensions of women’s empowerment:
(1) personal empowerment, measured by control beliefs, and (2) relational empowerment, measured
by relational friction and intra-household decision making power. This study also stands out in that
we explicitly study whether involving husbands affects the impact of the training. We find that the GET
Ahead training improves women’s empowerment on all three aspects: increased control beliefs and
intra-household decision making power (only on larger expenditures), and decreased relational friction.
However, the results on relational frictions should be taken with care due to possible underreporting.
Moreover, in general, we find no additional impacts of inviting husbands to the training. Finally, our
results suggest that it takes some time before the training starts to improve women’s empowerment.
We observe no short-term but only mid-term effects from before the training to 12 months after the
training. Keywords: Women empowerment | GET Ahead training | Randomized controlled trial | Vietnam | Asia |
مقاله انگلیسی |