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نتیجه جستجو - Governance mechanism

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 29
ردیف عنوان نوع
1 From elite-driven to community-based governance mechanisms for the delivery of public goods from land management
از مکانیسم های حاکم بر نخبگان گرفته تا مکانیسم های حاکم بر جامعه برای تحویل کالاهای عمومی از مدیریت زمین-2020
Several non-governmental initiatives have emerged in the Czech Republic in recent years with the aim to organise the provision of public goods or ecosystem services from agriculture and forestry. These initiatives are usually started by activists (elites) and take forms such as foundations or trust funds, but often present themselves as collective actions of communal interests. This paper sets out to present four cases of such efforts and to show their common and contrasting features in light of their relevance to local needs and possible integration in the future CAP framework. A particular focus is on the community-based character of these initiatives for the provision of public goods. This is done by examining the necessary conditions for the success of collectively managed common pool resources. The research shows that elite-driven non-governmental organisations often emerge because of a lack of interest on the part of public bodies and because local communities do not have the capacity to set up a collective action for the provision of environmentally and socially “beneficial outcomes” (ESBO). The investigated NGOs, however, soon came into conflict with non-involved actors. To improve the governance mechanism, an extension towards a community-based collective action is proposed. However, each step of such a transition is a challenge for the initiatives of the presented case studies. The first critical issue is to find a common interest among actors. Similarly, “sharing power” represents a struggle which consequently delays progress in creating effective internal governance. The difficulty in progressing towards community-based collective action is amplified by the uncertainty concerning property rights induced by the activities of the NGOs and unfavourable socioeconomic and institutional conditions. Finding that the private initiatives are far from being able to transform into community-based collective action, we propose to launch a measure of institutional funding for the coordination and management of their projects – similar to LEADER but more concentrated in scope.
Keywords: Public goods | Ecosystem services | Common pool resources | Non-governmental initiatives | Governance mechanism | Community-based collective action
مقاله انگلیسی
2 Why fairness cannot be automated: Bridging the gap between EU non-discrimination law and AI
چرا انصاف را نمی توان خودکار کرد: پر کردن شکاف بین قانون عدم تبعیض اتحادیه اروپا و هوش مصنوعی-2020
In recent years a substantial literature has emerged concerning bias, discrimination, and fairness in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning. Connecting this work to existing legal non-discrimination frameworks is essential to create tools and methods that are practically useful across divergent legal regimes. While much work has been undertaken from an American legal perspective, comparatively little has mapped the effects and requirements of EU law. This Article addresses this critical gap between legal, technical, and organisational notions of algorithmic fairness. Through analysis of EU non-discrimination law and jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and national courts, we identify a critical incompatibility between European notions of discrimination and existing work on algorithmic and automated fairness. A clear gap exists between statistical measures of fairness as embedded in myriad fairness toolkits and governance mechanisms and the context-sensitive, often intuitive and ambiguous discrimination metrics and evidential requirements used by the ECJ; we refer to this approach as “contextual equality.”
This Article makes three contributions. First, we review the evidential requirements to bring a claim under EU non-discrimination law. Due to the disparate nature of algorithmic and human discrimination, the EU’s current requirements are too contextual, reliant on intuition, and open to judicial interpretation to be automated. Many of the concepts fundamental to bringing a claim, such as the composition of the disadvantaged and advantaged group, the severity and type of harm suffered, and requirements for the relevance and admissibility of evidence, require normative or political choices to be made by the judiciary on a caseby-case basis. We show that automating fairness or non-discrimination in Europe may be impossible because the law, by design, does not provide a static or homogenous framework suited to testing for discrimination in AI systems.
Second, we show how the legal protection offered by non-discrimination law is challenged when AI, not humans, discriminate. Humans discriminate due to negative attitudes (e.g. stereotypes, prejudice) and unintentional biases (e.g. organisational practices or internalised stereotypes) which can act as a signal to victims that discrimination has occurred.
Equivalent signalling mechanisms and agency do not exist in algorithmic systems. Compared to traditional forms of discrimination, automated discrimination is more abstract and unintuitive, subtle, intangible, and difficult to detect. The increasing use of algorithms disrupts traditional legal remedies and procedures for detection, investigation, prevention, and correction of discrimination which have predominantly relied upon intuition. Consistent assessment procedures that define a common standard for statistical evidence to detect and assess prima facie automated discrimination are urgently needed to support judges, regulators, system controllers and developers, and claimants.
Finally, we examine how existing work on fairness in machine learning lines up with procedures for assessing cases under EU non-discrimination law. A ‘gold standard’ for assessment of prima facie discrimination has been advanced by the European Court of Justice but not yet translated into standard assessment procedures for automated discrimination. We propose ‘conditional demographic disparity’ (CDD) as a standard baseline statistical measurement that aligns with the Court’s ‘gold standard’. Establishing a standard set of statistical evidence for automated discrimination cases can help ensure consistent procedures for assessment, but not judicial interpretation, of cases involving AI and automated systems. Through this proposal for procedural regularity in the identification and assessment of automated discrimination, we clarify how to build considerations of fairness into automated systems as far as possible w
مقاله انگلیسی
3 Electronic personhood for artificial intelligence in the workplace
شخصیت الکترونیکی برای هوش مصنوعی در محیط کار-2020
There are several legal and ethical problems associated with the far-reaching integration of man with Artificial Intelligence (AI) within the framework of algorithmic management. One of these problems is the question of the legal subjectivity of the parties to a contractual obligation within the framework of crowdworking, which includes the service provider, the Internet platform with AI, and the applicant’s client. Crowdworking is an excellent ex- ample of a laboratory of interdependence and collaboration between humans and artificial intelligence as part of the algorithmic management process. Referring to the example of crowdworking platforms, we should ask whether, in the face of the rapid development of AI and algorithmic management, AI can be an employer equipped with electronic person- hood? What characteristics does a work environment in which AI and algorithmic governance mechanisms play a dominant role? What kind of ethical implications are associated with the practical application of the concept of electronic subjectivity of AI in employment relations? This paper analyses the legal and ethical implications of electronic AI subjectiv- ity in the work environment. The legal construction of electronic personhood is examined. The legal entity that uses AI, which manages the work process through algorithmic subordination, bears the risks resulting from such use (economic, personal, technical, and social) and full material responsibility (individual liability regime with the application of the presumption of guilt rule) in case of damage to an employee. Liability provisions can be complemented by a mandatory insurance scheme for AI users and a compensation fund that can offer support when none of the insurance policies covers the risk. A compensation fund can be paid for by the manufacturer, owner, user, or trainer of the AI and can compensate all those who suffer damage as a result of its operations. This is the direction proposed by the European Parliament, which has progressively called for robots to be given an electronic personality. The personalistic concept of work excludes the possibility of AI becoming a le- gal entity. Alongside legal arguments, ethical questions are of fundamental importance. The final part of the article presents the ethical implications of AI as an employer endowed with a legal entity (electronic personhood).© 2021 Paweł Nowik. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence | Algorithmic management | Electronic personhood | Crowdworking
مقاله انگلیسی
4 Auditor choice and bank risk taking
انتخاب حسابرس و ریسک بانکی-2019
We investigate the importance of auditor choice on bank risk-taking in a cross-country setting for 5498 banks from 116 emerging and developed countries. Using the Z-score as our main proxy for bank risk, we report evidence that hiring a Big Four auditing firm reduces bank-risk even after controlling for bank and country variables. The reported evidence is valid for banks outside the United States and is robust to concerns relating to endogeneity and alternative banking risk measures. The results are economically meaningful. All else constant, the Z-score of a bank audited by a Big Four firm is 10.4% higher than a similar bank with a non-BIG Four auditor. Moreover, consistent with the view that Big Four auditors serve a corporate governance mechanism in emerging markets, we find that Big Four auditors maintain the ability to curb bank risk in countries characterized by weak institutions. Finally, our results suggest that while audit quality is associated with bank safety, its impact is reduced in countries that require audit-oversigh
Keywords: Banking | Audit quality | Corporate governance | Risk taking
مقاله انگلیسی
5 حاکمیت شرکتی در شرکت های آمریکای لاتین: رقابت پذیری در زمینه کنترل و ارزش شرکت
سال انتشار: 2019 - تعداد صفحات فایل pdf انگلیسی: 18 - تعداد صفحات فایل doc فارسی: 0
با استفاده از نمونه 595 شرکت فهرست بندی شده در بازارهای سرمایه آرژانتین، برزیل، شیلی، کلمبیا، مکزیک و پرو در دوره 2015-2000، ادبیات قبلی را تایید کردیم و نشان دادیم هنگامی که توزیع قدرت در بین چند سهامداران عمده افزایش می یابد( رقابت پذیری)، عملکرد مالی شرکت ارتقا می یابد. جالب آنکه، پی بردیم این روابط حتی در شرکت های مالکیت خانواده اهمیت دارند و بر تناسب کنترل رقابت آمیز در این نوع شرکت تاکید دارند. به علاوه، رقابت پذیری تاثیر بیشتری در شرکت های خانوادگی دارد چرا که مالکیت در آنها بسیار متمرکز است. پی بردیم که چارچوب قانونی تاثیر تعادل قدرت را تضعیف می کند. در اینجا کنترل رقابت آمیز به عنوان مکانیسم حاکمیت شرکتی داخلی عمل می کند که شیوه دیگری برای محیط قانونی خارجی است. به طور کلی، نتایج ما نشان می دهد در محیط موسساتی با میزان پشتیبانی ضعیف سرمایه گذار و تعارض های احتمالی منافع بین سهامداران، نظارت چندین سهامداران عمده و نامرتبط (تمرکز مالکیت متمرکز) به مکانیسم حاکمیت حائز اهمیتی تبدیل شده است.
واژگان کلیدی: ارزش شرکت | اقلیت، سهامداران | ساختار مالکیت | مالکیت شرکتی | شرکت های خانوادگی | آمریکای لاتین
مقاله ترجمه شده
6 Industry expert directors
مدیران کارشناس صنعت-2018
We analyze the valuation effect of board industry experience and channels through which industry experience of outside directors relates to firm value. Our analysis shows that firms with more experienced outside directors are valued at a premium compared to firms with less experienced outside directors. Additional analyses, including a quasi-experimental setting based on director deaths, mitigate endogeneity concerns. The association between having directors with more industry experience and higher firm value is more pronounced for firms with larger investment programs, larger cash reserves, and during crises. In contrast, it is weaker in more dynamic industries, i.e., industries that rank high in terms of sales growth, R&D expenditures, merger activities, competitive threat, and product market changes, where the value of previously acquired experience is likely to be diminished. Overall, our findings are consistent with board industry experience being a valuable corporate governance mechanism.
keywords: Board of directors |Director skills and experience |Corporate governance |Corporate investments
مقاله انگلیسی
7 Managing risks in public-private partnership formation projects
مدیریت خطرات در پروژه های تشکیل شراکت دولتی - خصوصی-2018
While sourcing by means of Public-Private Partnerships has been lauded over recent years, increasingly risks appear to jeopardise public organisations unique societal tasks. Integrated Risk Management has not yet been applied to public organisations getting involved in PPP in the sense of understanding risk management capabilities. This article explores risk awareness and risk management practices underpinning maintenance partnership formation by means of a dual case study of two PPP projects and a short industry survey. The results suggest that organisations face several “intolerable risks” linked to project governance and project management responsibilities: insufficient representation of qualified employees, absence of a shared performance system, assignment of responsibilities and decision-making authority, impractical or inappropriate partnership agreement, and timing of the partnership initiative. Cross-case analysis revealed the role of different levels of risk awareness and senior management involvement. Drawing on these findings, a framework for risk management for PPP formation projects is developed.
keywords: Public-private partnership |Partnership formation |Alliance management |Project management |Risk management |Governance mechanisms |Capabilities
مقاله انگلیسی
8 Corporate governance and default risk in financial firms over the post-financial crisis period: International evidence
حاکمیت شرکتی و پیش فرض خطر در شرکت های مالی در دوره بحران پس از بحران: شواهد بین المللی -2018
This paper investigates the relationship between default risk and corporate governance for financial firms in 28 countries outside of North America in the post-financial crisis period, where default risk is measured by both credit default swap (CDS) spreads and estimated by a Merton-type model. Reduced default risk helps the stock market rebound during the post-crisis period. Both internal governance variables, including institutional and insider ownership, board composition and CEO power, and external regulatory factors, are exam ined and they show significant effect on default risk. In addition, the impacts of various governance variables are continent-specific: they have a higher impact on default risk for Asian firms than for European firms. Regulatory factors are important moderators of the governance mechanisms for banks: higher Tier 1 capital ratios reduce both CDS and fundamental default risk; recipients of secret emergency loans from the US Federal Reserve System (the Fed) exhibit lower CDS spreads post-crisis but higher fundamental default probabilities.
Keywords: Institutional investors ، Default risk ، Corporate governance
مقاله انگلیسی
9 The varying roles of governance mechanisms on ex-post transaction costs and relationship commitment in buyer-supplier relationships
نقش های مختلف مکانیزمهای نظارتی روی هزینه های واقعی گذر و تعهد به رابطه در روابط خریدار - تامین کننده-2018
Inter-firm relationship governance is becoming increasingly fragmented and complex in industrial marketing and management. There is a need to develop an integrative framework, which describes the nature of the relationship (complementary or substitutes) between economic and sociological governance mechanisms, and their relative effectiveness in explaining ex-post transaction costs and relationship commitment. Building on transaction cost economics (TCE) and social exchange theory (SET), we investigate the varying roles of economic (i.e., contract completeness and symmetric dependence) and sociological (i.e., trust and communication) governance mechanisms. The deductive-nomological framework is tested by employing a nonparametric technique (i.e., partial least squares - PLS) to structural equation modeling (SEM) and semi-partial correlation. The analysis of data from 170 buyer-supplier relationships established by Finnish SMEs indicates that sociological mechanisms function as substitutes with contractual governance and complementary with symmetric dependence in relation to ex-post transaction costs and relationship commitment. Further, economic governance mechanisms have a more effective role in minimizing ex-post transaction costs, whereas sociological governance mechanisms are more powerful in enhancing relationship commitment.
keywords: Relationship governance mechanisms |Ex-post transaction costs |Relationship commitment |Buyer-supplier relationships |Structural equation modeling
مقاله انگلیسی
10 Does bonding really bond? Liability of foreignness and cross-listing of Chinese firms on international stock exchanges
آیا رهن واقعا ضمانت دارد؟ مسئولیت خارجی و لیستی از شرکت های چینی در بورس اوراق بهادار بین المللی-2017
This study examines the relationship between cross-listing and firm valuation in the context of Chinese firms cross-listed on major international exchanges, such as the NASDAQ, New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), Hong Kong Main Board, Hong Kong Growth Enterprise Market (GEM), Singapore Stock Exchange, and London Alternative Investment Market (LAIM). Through the lenses of bonding theory and liability of foreignness-based multinational enterprise theories, two sets of alternative hypotheses are developed and tested using panel data over a period of twelve years during 2001–2012. Contrary to the bonding theory, the results reveal that the firms listed in Mainland China recorded better valuation than the firms cross-listed on the international stock exchanges. The more sophisticated corporate governance mechanisms applied in international stock exchanges do not always entail better firm valuation. Institutional distance, cultural distance and the distance in economic freedom between China and the cross-listing location countries interact with governance variables negatively affecting performance of cross-listed firms. The direct negative impact of the three distance variables on the firm valuation is also statistically significant. The outcome of Chinese firms’ cross-listing behaviours appears to contradict the general bonding theory.
Keywords: Corporate governance | Chinese cross-listing | Bonding hypothesis | Liability of foreignness | Institutional distance | Economic freedom | Cultural distance
مقاله انگلیسی
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