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The relationship between LGBT inclusion and economic development: Macro-level evidence
رابطه بین گنجاندن همجنسگرایان و توسعه اقتصادی: شواهد کلان-2019 This study analyzes the relationship between social inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender
(LGBT) people and economic development. It uses legal and economic data for 132 countries from
1966 to 2011. Previous studies and reports provide substantial evidence that LGBT people are limited
in their human rights in ways that also create economic harms, such as lost labor time, lost productivity,
underinvestment in human capital, and the inefficient allocation of human resources. This analysis uses a
fixed effects regression approach and a newly-created dataset – Global Index on Legal Recognition of
Homosexual Orientation (GILRHO) – to assess how these detriments are related to the macroeconomy.
Our study finds that an additional point on the 8-point GILRHO scale of legal rights for LGB persons is
associated with an increase in real GDP per capita of approximately $2000. A series of robustness checks
confirm that this index continues to have a positive and statistically significant association with real GDP
per capita after controlling for gender equality. In combination with the qualitative evidence from previous
studies and reports, our quantitative results suggest that LGBT inclusion and economic development
are mutually reinforcing. Also, a back-of-the-envelope estimate suggests that about 6% to 22% of the finding
could reflect the costs to GDP of health and labor market stigmatization of LGB people. Results from
this study can help to better understand how the fuller enjoyment of human rights by LGBT people can
contribute to a country’s economic developme Keywords: LGBT inclusion | Legal rights | Discrimination | Economic development | Global | Homosexual orientation |
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