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“Bed Bugs and Beyond”: An ethnographic analysis of North Americas first women-only supervised drug consumption site
"اشکالات بستر و فراتر از آن": تجزیه و تحلیل مردم نگاری اولین سایت مصرف مواد مخدر تحت نظارت فقط در زنان در آمریکای شمالی-2020 Background: Attention to how women are differentially impacted within harm reduction environments is salient
amidst North Americas overdose crisis. Harm reduction interventions are typically ‘gender-neutral’, thus failing
to address the systemic and everyday racialized and gendered discrimination, stigma, and violence extending
into service settings and limiting some womens access. Such dynamics highlight the significance of North
Americas first low-threshold supervised consumption site exclusively for women (transgender and non-binary
inclusive), SisterSpace, in Vancouver, Canada. This study explores womens lived experiences of this unique
harm reduction intervention.
Methods: Ethnographic research was conducted from May 2017 to June 2018 to explore womens experiences
with SisterSpace in Vancouvers Downtown Eastside, an epicenter of Canadas overdose crisis. Data include more
than 100 hours of ethnographic fieldwork, including unstructured conversations with structurally vulnerable
women who use illegal drugs, and in-depth interviews with 45 women recruited from this site. Data were
analyzed in NVivo by drawing on deductive and inductive approaches.
Findings: The setting (non-institutional), operational policies (no men; inclusive), and environment (diversity of
structurally vulnerable women who use illegal drugs), constituted a space affording participants a temporary reprieve
from some forms of stigma and discrimination, gendered and social violence and drug-related harms, including
overdose. SisterSpace fostered a sense of safety and subjective autonomy (though structurally constrained) among those
often defined as ‘deviant’ and ‘victims’, enabling knowledge-sharing of experiences through a gendered lens.
Conclusion: SisterSpace demonstrates the value and effectiveness of initiatives that engage with socio-structural
factors beyond the often narrow focus of overdose prevention and that account for the complex social relations
that constitute such initiatives. In the context of structural inequities, criminalization, and an overdose crisis,
SisterSpace represents an innovative approach to harm reduction that accounts for situations of gender inequality
not being met by mixed-gender services, with relevance to other settings. Keywords: women | drugs | violence | harm reduction | overdose | supervised consumption sites | Canada |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Methadone maintenance treatment is swapping one drug for another, and thats why it works: Towards a treatment-based critique of the war on drugs
درمان نگهداری متادون یک دارو را با داروی دیگر عوض می کند و به همین دلیل موثر است: به سمت انتقاد مبتنی بر درمان از جنگ با مواد مخدر-2020 The claim that methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is ‘just swapping one drug for another’ has typically
been used to de-legitimize the treatment and attack those who use it. However, this commentary re-positions
that argument as a way of bringing analytic focus to the role of structural forces, like criminalization and the war
on drugs, in the treatment decisions of people who use illegal drugs. Specifically, I use my experience as a
qualitative sociologist who studies MMT as well as my own experience on MMT to demonstrate how criminalization
functions as source of harm in the lives of people who use illegal drugs, that drives them towards the
legal, and thus comparatively safer, style of substance use made available by MMT. Moreover, I argue that the
dominance of individually-focused theories based on addiction and recovery to understand MMT is related to its
punitive organizational structure and lack of popularity among people who use illegal opioids. Ultimately, I
argue for a paradigm shift, both in policy and scholarship, that acknowledges the pragmatic value of MMT
within the structural context of criminalization. Keywords: Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) | Recovery | Harm reduction | Criminalization | Addiction |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Multilevel determinants of collaboration between organised criminal groups
عوامل تعیین کننده های چند سطحی از همکاری بین گروه های سازمان یافته جنایی-2020 Collaboration between members of different criminal groups is an important feature of crime that is considered
organised, as it allows criminals to access resources and skills in order to exploit illicit economic opportunities.
Collaboration across criminal groups is also difficult and risky due to the lack of institutions supporting peaceful
cooperation in illicit markets. Thus cross-group collaboration has been thought to take place mostly among small
and transient groups. This paper determines whether and under what conditions members of different, larger
organised crime groups collaborate with one another. To do so we use intelligence data from the Canadian
province of Alberta, centering on criminals and criminal groups engaged in multiple crime types in multiple
geographic locations. We apply a multilevel network analytical framework and exponential random graph
models using Bayesian techniques to uncover the determinants of cross-group criminal collaboration. We find
cross-group collaboration depends not only on co-location, but also on the types of groups to which the criminals
are affiliated, and on illicit market overlap between groups. When groups are operating in the same geographically-
situated illicit markets their members tend not to collaborate with one another, providing evidence
for the difficulty or undesirability of cross-group collaboration in illicit markets. Conversely, members of Outlaw
Motorcycle Gangs are more likely to collaborate across groups when markets overlap, suggesting the superior
capacity and motivation of biker gangs to coordinate criminal activity. Our paper contributes to the understanding
of criminal networks as complex, emergent, and spatially embedded market phenomena. Keywords: Illegal drugs | Multilevel networks | Exponential Random Graph Models | Illegal markets | Criminal groups |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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The Philippines’ anti drug campaign: Spatial and temporal patterns of killings linked to drugs
مبارزه با مواد مخدر فیلیپین: الگوهای مکانی و زمانی قتل های مرتبط با مواد مخدر-2019 Background: As soon as President Rodrigo Duterte assumed office in 2016, the Philippine government launched
a nationwide antidrug campaign based on enforcement-led anti-illegal drugs policies primarily implemented by
the national police. This was followed by a spate of killings resulting from both acknowledged police operations
and by unidentified assailants. This study assembles a victim-level dataset of drug-related killings covered by the
media during the Philippine government’s antidrug campaign, and presents a spatial and temporal analysis of
the killings.
Methods: The dataset covers information on 5021 people killed from May 10, 2016 to September 29, 2017. Data
collected systematically through online search procedures and existing listings of media organizations detailing
information about incidences of drug-related police operations and drug-related killings in vigilante-style
manner reveal patterns for who were being killed, where, and how.
Results: Over half of the killings were due to acknowledged police operations, and the rest were targeted in socalled
vigilante-style killings. The first three months after Mr. Duterte was sworn in were the deadliest months.
Those who were killed were mostly low-level drug suspects.
The analysis of temporal pattern reveals the scale of killings in the country, with rapid escalation starting in
July 2016 and lasting throughout the rest of that year. Observable declines occurred during periods when the
drug war was suspended and operations were moved to a non-police enforcement unit and rose again when
police were brought back into operations. The spatial analysis indicates a large concentration of deaths in the
National Capital Region (40%) compared to the rest of the country with wide variations across cities and regions.
Conclusions: Overall, the Philippine drug war exhibits similarities with violent wars on drugs waged in other
countries such as Thailand, with heavily police-led interventions leading to fatalities in the thousands over a
span of under two years. Findings of this study point to important policy adjustments that need to be made,
including the role that local governments play in drug policy implementation, the disproportionate negative
impacts of enforcement-led policies against drugs on urban and poor areas, the targeting of low-level suspected
drug dealers and users, and the importance of proper data monitoring and transparency by the government to
inform policy adjustments in the face of high costs to human life. We also discuss the importance of independent
monitoring systems when the government reports conflicting information. Keywords: Drug war | Antidrug campaign | Killings | Philippines | Dataset |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Stigmergy at the edge: Adversarial stigmergy in the war on drugs
نشانه ورزی در لبه: نشانه ورزی خصمانه در جنگ با مواد مخدر-2016 As a consequence of the stigmergic coordination that occurs among criminal and government agents, resilience has been built into the system that supplies illegal drugs to American consumers. Criminal agents create technology responses that are simple and cost-effective, and consistently defeat the actions of government agents. Those responses to stigmergic stimulus improve iteratively the resilience and sophistication of the clandestine supply chains. In what the author calls a ‘‘homeland security Chaos Monkey model” a constant but predictable governmental escalation in the war on drugs plays the role of a failure signal to build resilience in the narcotics system: Any success by governmental agents sends stigmergic signals to criminal agents. These signals communicate a failure in the supply chain that requires an adversarial innovation to defeat the updated shape of the interdiction. The result is a more resilient system. This cycle of adversarial stigmergy has encouraged the emergence of a well-coordinated system of clandestine innovation in the territory of the US–Mexico borderlands that takes advantage of the border switch to solve in an iterative form one particular problem: to identify and exploit the vulnerabilities of a complicated enforcement architecture to build resilient narcotics systems. For homeland security policies to be more effective, interdiction policies and technologies should be built with a better understanding of the stigmergic forces that shape adaptation in the war on drugs system.© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Stigmergy | Self-organization | Organized crime | Innovation | War on drugs | Drug cartels |
مقاله انگلیسی |