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نتیجه جستجو - Illegal drugs

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 5
ردیف عنوان نوع
1 “Bed Bugs and Beyond”: An ethnographic analysis of North Americas first women-only supervised drug consumption site
"اشکالات بستر و فراتر از آن": تجزیه و تحلیل مردم نگاری اولین سایت مصرف مواد مخدر تحت نظارت فقط در زنان در آمریکای شمالی-2020
Background: Attention to how women are differentially impacted within harm reduction environments is salient amidst North Americas overdose crisis. Harm reduction interventions are typically ‘gender-neutral’, thus failing to address the systemic and everyday racialized and gendered discrimination, stigma, and violence extending into service settings and limiting some womens access. Such dynamics highlight the significance of North Americas first low-threshold supervised consumption site exclusively for women (transgender and non-binary inclusive), SisterSpace, in Vancouver, Canada. This study explores womens lived experiences of this unique harm reduction intervention. Methods: Ethnographic research was conducted from May 2017 to June 2018 to explore womens experiences with SisterSpace in Vancouvers Downtown Eastside, an epicenter of Canadas overdose crisis. Data include more than 100 hours of ethnographic fieldwork, including unstructured conversations with structurally vulnerable women who use illegal drugs, and in-depth interviews with 45 women recruited from this site. Data were analyzed in NVivo by drawing on deductive and inductive approaches. Findings: The setting (non-institutional), operational policies (no men; inclusive), and environment (diversity of structurally vulnerable women who use illegal drugs), constituted a space affording participants a temporary reprieve from some forms of stigma and discrimination, gendered and social violence and drug-related harms, including overdose. SisterSpace fostered a sense of safety and subjective autonomy (though structurally constrained) among those often defined as ‘deviant’ and ‘victims’, enabling knowledge-sharing of experiences through a gendered lens. Conclusion: SisterSpace demonstrates the value and effectiveness of initiatives that engage with socio-structural factors beyond the often narrow focus of overdose prevention and that account for the complex social relations that constitute such initiatives. In the context of structural inequities, criminalization, and an overdose crisis, SisterSpace represents an innovative approach to harm reduction that accounts for situations of gender inequality not being met by mixed-gender services, with relevance to other settings.
Keywords: women | drugs | violence | harm reduction | overdose | supervised consumption sites | Canada
مقاله انگلیسی
2 Methadone maintenance treatment is swapping one drug for another, and thats why it works: Towards a treatment-based critique of the war on drugs
درمان نگهداری متادون یک دارو را با داروی دیگر عوض می کند و به همین دلیل موثر است: به سمت انتقاد مبتنی بر درمان از جنگ با مواد مخدر-2020
The claim that methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is ‘just swapping one drug for another’ has typically been used to de-legitimize the treatment and attack those who use it. However, this commentary re-positions that argument as a way of bringing analytic focus to the role of structural forces, like criminalization and the war on drugs, in the treatment decisions of people who use illegal drugs. Specifically, I use my experience as a qualitative sociologist who studies MMT as well as my own experience on MMT to demonstrate how criminalization functions as source of harm in the lives of people who use illegal drugs, that drives them towards the legal, and thus comparatively safer, style of substance use made available by MMT. Moreover, I argue that the dominance of individually-focused theories based on addiction and recovery to understand MMT is related to its punitive organizational structure and lack of popularity among people who use illegal opioids. Ultimately, I argue for a paradigm shift, both in policy and scholarship, that acknowledges the pragmatic value of MMT within the structural context of criminalization.
Keywords: Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) | Recovery | Harm reduction | Criminalization | Addiction
مقاله انگلیسی
3 Multilevel determinants of collaboration between organised criminal groups
عوامل تعیین کننده های چند سطحی از همکاری بین گروه های سازمان یافته جنایی-2020
Collaboration between members of different criminal groups is an important feature of crime that is considered organised, as it allows criminals to access resources and skills in order to exploit illicit economic opportunities. Collaboration across criminal groups is also difficult and risky due to the lack of institutions supporting peaceful cooperation in illicit markets. Thus cross-group collaboration has been thought to take place mostly among small and transient groups. This paper determines whether and under what conditions members of different, larger organised crime groups collaborate with one another. To do so we use intelligence data from the Canadian province of Alberta, centering on criminals and criminal groups engaged in multiple crime types in multiple geographic locations. We apply a multilevel network analytical framework and exponential random graph models using Bayesian techniques to uncover the determinants of cross-group criminal collaboration. We find cross-group collaboration depends not only on co-location, but also on the types of groups to which the criminals are affiliated, and on illicit market overlap between groups. When groups are operating in the same geographically- situated illicit markets their members tend not to collaborate with one another, providing evidence for the difficulty or undesirability of cross-group collaboration in illicit markets. Conversely, members of Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs are more likely to collaborate across groups when markets overlap, suggesting the superior capacity and motivation of biker gangs to coordinate criminal activity. Our paper contributes to the understanding of criminal networks as complex, emergent, and spatially embedded market phenomena.
Keywords: Illegal drugs | Multilevel networks | Exponential Random Graph Models | Illegal markets | Criminal groups
مقاله انگلیسی
4 The Philippines’ anti drug campaign: Spatial and temporal patterns of killings linked to drugs
مبارزه با مواد مخدر فیلیپین: الگوهای مکانی و زمانی قتل های مرتبط با مواد مخدر-2019
Background: As soon as President Rodrigo Duterte assumed office in 2016, the Philippine government launched a nationwide antidrug campaign based on enforcement-led anti-illegal drugs policies primarily implemented by the national police. This was followed by a spate of killings resulting from both acknowledged police operations and by unidentified assailants. This study assembles a victim-level dataset of drug-related killings covered by the media during the Philippine government’s antidrug campaign, and presents a spatial and temporal analysis of the killings. Methods: The dataset covers information on 5021 people killed from May 10, 2016 to September 29, 2017. Data collected systematically through online search procedures and existing listings of media organizations detailing information about incidences of drug-related police operations and drug-related killings in vigilante-style manner reveal patterns for who were being killed, where, and how. Results: Over half of the killings were due to acknowledged police operations, and the rest were targeted in socalled vigilante-style killings. The first three months after Mr. Duterte was sworn in were the deadliest months. Those who were killed were mostly low-level drug suspects. The analysis of temporal pattern reveals the scale of killings in the country, with rapid escalation starting in July 2016 and lasting throughout the rest of that year. Observable declines occurred during periods when the drug war was suspended and operations were moved to a non-police enforcement unit and rose again when police were brought back into operations. The spatial analysis indicates a large concentration of deaths in the National Capital Region (40%) compared to the rest of the country with wide variations across cities and regions. Conclusions: Overall, the Philippine drug war exhibits similarities with violent wars on drugs waged in other countries such as Thailand, with heavily police-led interventions leading to fatalities in the thousands over a span of under two years. Findings of this study point to important policy adjustments that need to be made, including the role that local governments play in drug policy implementation, the disproportionate negative impacts of enforcement-led policies against drugs on urban and poor areas, the targeting of low-level suspected drug dealers and users, and the importance of proper data monitoring and transparency by the government to inform policy adjustments in the face of high costs to human life. We also discuss the importance of independent monitoring systems when the government reports conflicting information.
Keywords: Drug war | Antidrug campaign | Killings | Philippines | Dataset
مقاله انگلیسی
5 Stigmergy at the edge: Adversarial stigmergy in the war on drugs
نشانه ورزی در لبه: نشانه ورزی خصمانه در جنگ با مواد مخدر-2016
As a consequence of the stigmergic coordination that occurs among criminal and government agents, resilience has been built into the system that supplies illegal drugs to American consumers. Criminal agents create technology responses that are simple and cost-effective, and consistently defeat the actions of government agents. Those responses to stigmergic stimulus improve iteratively the resilience and sophistication of the clandestine supply chains. In what the author calls a ‘‘homeland security Chaos Monkey model” a constant but predictable governmental escalation in the war on drugs plays the role of a failure signal to build resilience in the narcotics system: Any success by governmental agents sends stigmergic signals to criminal agents. These signals communicate a failure in the supply chain that requires an adversarial innovation to defeat the updated shape of the interdiction. The result is a more resilient system. This cycle of adversarial stigmergy has encouraged the emergence of a well-coordinated system of clandestine innovation in the territory of the US–Mexico borderlands that takes advantage of the border switch to solve in an iterative form one particular problem: to identify and exploit the vulnerabilities of a complicated enforcement architecture to build resilient narcotics systems. For homeland security policies to be more effective, interdiction policies and technologies should be built with a better understanding of the stigmergic forces that shape adaptation in the war on drugs system.© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Stigmergy | Self-organization | Organized crime | Innovation | War on drugs | Drug cartels
مقاله انگلیسی
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