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نتیجه جستجو - Immigration

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 16
ردیف عنوان نوع
1 Debt, accounting, and the transformation of individuals into financially responsible neoliberal subjects
بدهی، حسابداری، و تبدیل افراد به سوژه های نئولیبرال مسئول مالی-2021
Building on Lazzarato’s (2012, 2015) insights about the importance of debt in governing populations in financialised neoliberal societies, this paper examines the transportation loan provided by Canada to refugees to travel to the country, and the role of the accounting department of the Canadian immigration agency in responsibilising refugees to reimburse this loan. Drawing on official documentation and historical data, and focusing on individuals’ lived experiences and biographies captured through in-depth interviews with refugees, this paper demonstrates that by imposing financial obligations to repay transportation costs, the government, with the help of non-governmental organisations, financialises and ‘responsibilises’ individuals, who develop micro-accounting skills throughout the process. The paper contributes to the accounting literature on responsibilisation in neoliberal societies by showing the way in which debt, and its accompanying accounting practices, leads people to become ‘more financially responsible’, while at the same time defining the very meaning of ‘financial responsibility’. By focusing on individuals’ lived experiences, the paper sheds light on some of the means by which accounting shapes people’s subjectivity and supports the construction of the neoliberal subject. Notably, this paper demonstrates that the vagueness, inaccuracy, or absence of accounting information responsibilises individuals via the emotions that these features generate. Importantly, the paper contributes to recent efforts to investigate the role of accounting in people’s everyday lives, a fruitful way to extend and reinvigorate accounting literature seeking to better understand the increasingly invasive role of accounting in our societies.
keywords: بدهی | رفتارهای مسئول مالی | نئولیبرالیسم | پناهندگان | حکومتی | احساسات | خود کارآفرین | Debt | Financially responsible behaviours | Neoliberalism | Refugees | Governmentality | Emotions | Entrepreneur of the self
مقاله انگلیسی
2 Immigrant entrepreneurship in America: Evidence from the survey of business owners 2007 & 2012
کارآفرینی مهاجران در آمریکا: شواهدی از نظرسنجی از صاحبان مشاغل 2007 و 2012-2020
We study immigrant entrepreneurship in 2007 and 2012 using the Survey of Business Owners. First-generation immigrants create about 25% of new firms in America, but this share exceeds 40% in some states. Conditional on basic regression controls, immigrant-owned firms tend to create fewer jobs than native-owned firms, have comparable pay levels, offer fewer benefits, and engage more in international activities. Prominent tech clusters display quite pronounced shares of immigrant entrepreneurs. Our results suggest that most of the impact of immigrant high-tech entrepreneurship for tech centers happens through the quantity dimension: Silicon Valley and similar tech hubs attract many immigrant founders.
Keywords: Entrepreneurship | Immigration | Job creation | Employee benefits | Owner demographics | Exports | Outsourcing
مقاله انگلیسی
3 Drug prohibition and the criminalization of immigrants: The compounding of drug war disparities in the United States deportation regime
منع مصرف مواد مخدر و جرم انگاری مهاجران: تشدید اختلافات جنگ مواد مخدر در رژیم اخراج ایالات متحده-2020
Background: While recent years have seen moderate progress toward more humanistic drug policy in the United States, the well-documented disproportionate incarceration of Black and Latino Americans continues largely unabated, and non-citizens are still frequently detained and deported based on drug-related crimes and violations. These processes draw from a long history of targeted drug enforcement that has served to scapegoat, punish, and exclude immigrants and native-born racial minorities, culminating in a modern War on Drugs intimately intertwined with processes of immigration and deportation. Drawing on the concept of “crimmigration”— which captures how the intertwining of criminal and immigration policy and enforcement enhances the punitive and exclusionary potential of both systems—this article examines the enduring effects of drug prohibition in the contemporary U.S. immigration and deportation regime. Methods: Primary data is drawn from my qualitative research on criminal deportation—including a year of ethnographic observation of removal proceedings in New York City immigration court, as well as 39 interviews with immigration lawyers, criminal lawyers, and advocates. These are supplemented by a review of relevant policy, as well as existing research on drug-crime-based deportation. Results: I argue that drug-related deportation from the United States is a key example of a “crimmigration” connection bolstered by the ongoing societal scapegoating of immigrants for the social problems of drugs and crime. Drug-related deportation, and the immigration court policies and processes that surround it, serve to reproduce and intensify racial and ethnic inequalities inherent to the domestic War on Drugs, while also sending uniquely vulnerable migrants to countries rife with violence attributable to the international apparatuses of that same War. Conclusion: Findings suggest a need for concurrent reforms to drug and immigration policy in order to truly mitigate the drastic impacts of the enduring U.S. War on Drugs.
Keywords: Drug prohibition | War on drugs | Crimmigration | Deportation | Inequality
مقاله انگلیسی
4 AI governance in the public sector: Three tales from the frontiers of automated decision-making in democratic settings
حکمرانی هوش مصنوعی در بخش عمومی: سه داستان از مرزهای تصمیم گیری خودکار در تنظیمات دموکراتیک-2020
The rush to understand new socio-economic contexts created by the wide adoption of AI is justified by its far-ranging consequences, spanning almost every walk of life. Yet, the public sector’s predicament is a tragic double bind: its obligations to protect citizens from potential algorithmic harms are at odds with the temptation to increase its own efficiency - or in other words - to govern algorithms, while governing by algorithms. Whether such dual role is even possible, has been a matter of debate, the challenge stemming from algorithms’ intrinsic properties, that make them distinct from other digital solutions, long embraced by the governments, create externalities that rule-based programming lacks. As the pressures to deploy automated decision making systems in the public sector become prevalent, this paper aims to examine how the use of AI in the public sector in relation to existing data governance regimes and national regulatory practices can be intensifying existing power asymmetries. To this end, investigating the legal and policy instruments associated with the use of AI for strenghtening the immigration process control system in Canada; “optimising” the employment services” in Poland, and personalising the digital service experience in Finland, the paper advocates for the need of a common framework to evaluate the potential impact of the use of AI in the public sector. In this regard, it discusses the specific effects of automated decision support systems on public services and the growing expectations for governments to play a more prevalent role in the digital society and to ensure that the potential of technology is harnessed, while negative effects are controlled and possibly avoided. This is of particular importance in light of the current COVID-19 emergency crisis where AI and the underpinning regulatory framework of data ecosystems, have become crucial policy issues as more and more innovations are based on large scale data collections from digital devices, and the real-time accessibility of information and services, contact and relationships between institutions and citizens could strengthen – or undermine - trust in governance systems and democracy.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence | Public sector innovation | Automated decision making | Algorithmic accountability
مقاله انگلیسی
5 International migration experience and entrepreneurship: Evidence from Mexico
تجربه مهاجرت بین المللی و کارآفرینی: مدارکی از مکزیک-2020
This study investigates the effect of international migration experience on entrepreneurship in sending areas. To identify prosperous businesses that create jobs and encourage economic development, this study isolates businesses other than street-vending enterprises with non-family employees. Retrospective life history data from the Mexican Migration Project (N = 11,789 persons & 146,372 person-years) was used to estimate the annual probability of becoming an entrepreneur across 170 Mexican communities between 1975 and 2017. This study found that (1) any prior migration experience increases the probability of entrepreneurial entry relative to non-migrants; (2) accumulated months of migration experience are positively associated with the probability of entrepreneurial entry; (3) undocumented status is associated with a lower probability of entrepreneurial entry. The positive effect of accumulated migration experience on entrepreneurship suggests that international migrants can accumulate human and financial resources that are essential to early stage entrepreneurship. Thus, entrepreneurship represents an important pathway through which international migration can encourage economic development in less developed regions. At the same time, the results suggest that that immigration policies in receiving countries can undercut migrants’ capacities to mobilize resources and contribute to economic development upon return. These findings suggest that target migration creates a win–win by addressing labor shortages in receiving countries, while transferring resources to sending areas that enable economic mobility and development.© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Entrepreneurship | Return migration | Accumulated migration experience | Capital constraints | Mexico
مقاله انگلیسی
6 On the origins of entrepreneurship: Evidence from sibling correlations
در مورد ریشه های کارآفرینی: شواهدی از همبستگی خواهر و برادر-2020
Despite the consensus that entrepreneurship runs in the family, we lack evidence regarding the total importance of family and community background, as well as the relative importance of different background influences that affect entrepreneurship. We draw on human capital formation theories to argue that families and communities provide a salient context for the development of individual entrepreneurial skills and preferences, beyond the existing focus on parental entrepreneurship. We posit that early influences are more important than later influences and propose a hierarchy of family influences, whereby genes have the largest explanatory power, followed by parental entrepreneurship, neighborhoods, and parental resources, and finally by parental immigration, family structure, and sibling peers. Finally, we argue that the higher human and financial capital intensity of incorporated relative to unincorporated entrepreneurship predictably alters the hierarchy of family influences, as does gender. Sibling correlations estimated on Swedish register data confirm our hypotheses.
Keywords: Entrepreneurship | Self-employment | Family background | Sibling correlations
مقاله انگلیسی
7 Enhancing supply chain production-marketing planning with geometric multivariate demand function (a case study of textile industry)
تقویت برنامه ریزی تولید و بازاریابی زنجیره تأمین با عملکرد هندسی تقاضای چند متغیره (مطالعه موردی صنعت نساجی)-2020
In this paper, a multi-period, multi-product, multi-site, multi-sales channel aggregate production planning problem including ordering preferences is presented in an integrated two-echelon supply chain to avoid the suboptimality caused by separate, sequential decisions of production and the marketing/retailing chain. Each customer demand class is affected by price, marketing expenditures and product quality involving customer willingness-to-pay. In addition, the immigration of customers between submarkets (i.e. cannibalization) is considered in the market-segmented environment due to imperfect segmentation. This research develops a geometric programming model to formulate the issue of joint price differentiation and multi-site aggregate production planning decisions by maximizing the total profit of the supply chain. To tackle the model and obtain solutions, we tailor an efficient analytical solution procedure to convert the original highly non-linear programming model into a convex programming equivalent. Finally, a numerical study of garment supply chain is presented to demonstrate the performance of the model and solution approaches. The research findings indicate a positive relationship between the scaling constant of price-dependent demand and the total profit rate. Moreover, as price gaps grow, the utility of price differentiation is decreased.
Keywords: Multi-site production planning | Integrated production-marketing | Price differentiation | Geometric programming | Non-linear programming
مقاله انگلیسی
8 A programmatic intervention to promote entrepreneurial selfefficacy, critical behavior, and technology readiness among underrepresented college students
یک مداخله برنامه ای برای ارتقا کارآیی کارآفرینی ، رفتار انتقادی و آمادگی فناوری در میان دانشجویان کم دانشگاه-2020
Underrepresented students face challenges in accessing entrepreneurial education and careers in science, technology, engineering and mathematics. In attempts to address this deficit, a five-week social entrepreneurship program (named Poder) with a focus on technology was implemented at one of the largest community college systems in the U.S. Conceptually, the program curriculum was grounded in Social Cognitive Career Theory and Critical Consciousness, two approaches noted for helping underserved students. In order to evaluate the efficacy of the program, students from diverse backgrounds (n=106) completed pre- and post-test measures, which included instruments assessing entrepreneurial self-efficacy, entrepreneurial skills, civic participation, critical behavior, technology optimism, and technology innovation. Results from paired samples t-tests and a series of repeated measures mixed-design ANOVAS suggest that students experienced significant increases in all outcome measures, except for civic participation, and effects were not moderated by race/ethnicity, gender, or immigration status. These results suggest that the program, designed with a culturally responsive curriculum, was effective in promoting the career development of culturally diverse and underrepresented students. We discuss conceptual and practical contributions for addressing educational attainment gaps and systemic issues in entrepreneurship and STEM education.
Keywords: Critical entrepreneurship | Underrepresented students | STEM education | Social cognitive career theory | Community college
مقاله انگلیسی
9 خوشامدگویی یا نه؟ - حس امنیت، تعلق خاطر و نگرش های افراد بومی نسبت به فرهنگ پذیری مهاجران
سال انتشار: 2019 - تعداد صفحات فایل pdf انگلیسی: 8 - تعداد صفحات فایل doc فارسی: 25
تنوع فرهنگی به دلیل مهاجرت تبدیل به یک وضوع کلیدی در بسیاری از جوامع امروزی شده است. این سوال که چگونه جمعیت بومی این توسعه ها را تجربه می کند دارای اهمیتی اساسی برای روابط بین فرهنگی است و پایه ای را برای فرهنگ پذیری مهاجران ایجاد می کند. ما با الهام از تحقیقات مربوط به تعلق خاطر و چند فرهنگی بودن، در اینجا فرض می کنیم که حس امنیت عمومی و خصوصی می تواند به نگرش های مثبت تر به تنوع فرهنگی مربوط شود درحالیکه حس تهدید می تواند به آزادی کمتر مربوط شود. به صورت صریح تر، مطالعه حاضر به بررسی این موضوع پرداخته است که چگونه تعلق خاطر عمومی افراد بومی (امن یا ترسان) و نیز حس امنیت (فرهنگی یا اقتصادی) خاص آنها می تواند به تجربیات آنها درباره فرهنگ پذیری مهاجران در کشور چند فرهنگه لوکزامبورگ مربوط شود. نمونه ما شامل 134 فرد لوکزامبورگی با میانگین سنی 02/45 (انحراف معیار 41/17) بود که یک پرسشنامه آنلاین را پر کردند. نتایج نشان داد که تعلق خاطر عمومی خود – گزارش شده توسط افراد ترسان رابطه ای مثبت با جهت گیری های غیر خوشامدگویانه ترِ فرهنگ پذیری دارد. روابط بین تعلق خاطر عمومی و جهت گیری های فرهنگ پذیری توسط حس امنیت فرهنگی وساطت می شود که تاثیراتی قوی روی جهت گیری های (غیر) خوشامدگویانه افراد بومی نسبت به دلستگی عمومی دارند. یافته ها بیانگر این هستند که جهت گیری های غیر خوشامدگویانه درقبال مهاجران که شامل آزادی برای برقراری رابطه و تبادل فرهنگی می شود، با حس امنیت فرهنگی و اقتصادی که به صورت جزئی توسط یک تعلق خاطر عمومی امن یا ترسان منحرف می شود، رابطه دارد. بنابراین به نظر می رسد که حس امنیت یک پایه امنی را برای دامنه و آزادی تنوع فرهنگی فراهم می کند که به منظور مواجهه موفقیت آمیز با چالش های جوامع چند فرهنگه امروزی مورد نیاز هستند.
مقاله ترجمه شده
10 Does higher unemployment lead to greater criminality? Revisiting the debate over the business cycle
آیا بیکاری بیشتر منجر به جنایت بیشتر می شود؟ بررسی مجدد بحث درباره چرخه تجارت-2019
A crime epidemic appears to have erupted in many advanced economies, raising questions on whether higher unemployment leads to greater incidence of crime. In this paper, we establish a robust connection between unemployment and crime, considering both violent and non-violent crimes, in a 4 variable time-varying VAR setting in identifying four shocks: unemployment, output, migration fear, and crime shocks. Using data from France and the UK over the time period 1975Q1 to 2013Q4 and 1983Q1 to 2018Q2 respectively, we find significant positive effects of unemployment shocks on crime rates in both countries, par- ticularly so during the times of economic contraction. We also find that crime rates de- cline during times of economic expansion (in response to a positive shock in GDP growth). Considering shocks in migration fears, we find that migration fears are fuelling higher in- cidence of crime in France, whereas unemployment shock continues to drive crime rates in the UK. Undertaking further analysis for a single country at quarterly frequency for the UK, and with panel data from 24 countries at annual frequency over the period 1998 to 2016, we support our main hypothesis that higher unemployment rate tends to increase non-violent crime. Our results imply that maintaining stable economic activity is critical in order to stabilize incidence of non-violent crime. These findings have political signifi- cance, given the recent unprecedented levels of concern and uncertainty about migration in European countries.
Keywords: Criminality | Unemployment | Immigration | Business cycles | Time-varying impulse responses | Wavelet
مقاله انگلیسی
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