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1 |
Stimulation of the vagus nerve reduces learning in a go/no-go reinforcement learning task
تحریک عصب واگ باعث کاهش یادگیری در یک کار یادگیری تقویتی بدون حرکت می شود-2020 When facing decisions to approach rewards or to avoid punishments, we often figuratively go with our gut, and the impact of metabolic states such as hunger on motivation are well doc- umented. However, whether and how vagal feedback signals from the gut influence instru- mental actions is unknown. Here, we investigated the effect of non-invasive transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) vs. sham (randomized cross-over design) on approach and avoidance behavior using an established go/no-go reinforcement learning paradigm in 39 healthy human participants (23 female) after an overnight fast. First, mixed-effects logistic regression analysis of choice accuracy showed that taVNS acutely impaired decision-making, p = .041. Computational reinforcement learning models identified the cause of this as a re- duction in the learning rate through taVNS ( α= −0.092, p boot = .002), particularly after punishment ( αPun = −0.081, p boot = .012 vs. αRew = −0.031, p boot = .22). However, taVNS had no effect on go biases, Pavlovian response biases or response time. Hence, taVNS appeared to influence learning rather than action execution. These results highlight a novel role of vagal
afferent input in modulating reinforcement learning by tuning the learning rate according to
homeostatic needs. KEYWORDS : tVNS | Reinforcement learning | Computational modeling | Metabolic state | Instrumental acti |
مقاله انگلیسی |
2 |
DETERMINANTS OF PERCEIVED PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT BARRIERS AMONG COMMUNITY-DWELLING ELDERLY IN TAIWAN
تعیین موانع درک شده محیط فیزیکی در میان جامعه-مسکونی سالمندان در تایوان-2015 Objectives: To test the hypothesis that mobility, activities of daily living, and the interaction between
them can play a key role in determining perceived physical environment barriers among community-dwelling
elderly. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Community. Participants: One hundred and ninety-seven communitydwelling elderly with more than 7 points on the Short Portable Mental State Questionnaire and less than 7 points
on the Geriatric Depression Scale (15 items). Intervention: None. Measurements: Time Get-up and Go test
(TUG), the subscales of basic activity of daily living (BADL)/instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) of
the Hierarchy of Care Required (HCR), and the physical/structural subscale of the Craig Hospital Inventory of
Environmental Factors in Community-dwelling Elderly in Taiwan were used to measure mobility, activities of
daily living and perceived physical environment barriers, respectively. Hierarchical linear regression analyses
were used to test the study hypothesis. Results: Significant and positive relations were found to exist between
perceived physical environment barriers and (1) the TUG time (β=.300, p<.05), and (2) the IADL score for
the HCR (β=.322, p<.05), respectively. A significant and negative relation existed between perceived physical
environment barriers and the interaction term (the TUG time and the IADL score for the HCR) (β=-.211, p<.05).
Conclusion: Mobility, IADL and the interaction between them are found to be significant determinants of
perceived physical environment barriers in the community-dwelling elderly under consideration. Strategies
targeting the enhancement of mobility among community-dwelling elderly are suggested to lead to improvements
in the degree to which physical environment barriers are perceived. This beneficial effect could be greater in the
case of elderly individuals with better IADL function.
Key words: Mobility | activities of daily living | perceived physical environment barriers | community-dwelling elderly
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مقاله انگلیسی |
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PRELIMINARY FINDINGS OF THE BRIEF EVERYDAY ACTIVITIES MEASUREMENT (BEAM) IN OLDER ADULTS
یافته های اولیه اندازه گیری فعالیت های روزمره مختصر (BEAM) در سالمندان-2015 Objectives: Functional losses are common in healthy and cognitively impaired older adults. However,
subtle declines in instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) are not always detected in self-reports.
Performance IADL measurements are financially and time burdensome, restricting their use in varied settings.
To address these limitations, we developed the Brief Everyday Activities Measure (BEAM), a short (< 5 minutes)
objective IADL measure that assesses medication and finance management. Design & Participants: The BEAM
was administered to 209 cognitively non-demented community-dwellers (ages 65 – 95 years). Measurements:
Participants completed standardized motor, neuropsychological, psychological, and self-report functional
assessments. Results: BEAM completion time ranged from 54.16 to 259.31 seconds. Interclass correlations
(ICC) for total BEAM completion time was moderate (0.65, 95% CI [.43 -.78]). Accuracy for total BEAM
performance was in the low-moderate range (Kappa = 0.38, p < .001, 95% CI [.18 -.54]). As predicted, lower
accuracy and longer time to complete the BEAM were both associated with worse executive functions, attention,
and processing speed. Conclusions: Medication and finance management can be efficiently assessed within five
minutes. The BEAM may be a valuable screening tool to evaluate these functional abilities.
Key words: Instrumental activities of daily living | performance-based functional assessments | cognitive performance | independent living | functional impairment
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مقاله انگلیسی |