This paper explores how early career biotechnology researchers develop entrepreneurial competences through participation in a bespoke entrepreneurship education competition and whether this affects their longer-term entrepreneurial actions. Specifically, we discuss the pedagogy and evaluate the short- and long-term impact of a long-running entrepreneurship competition, where biotechnology doctoral and postdoctoral researchers address societal and environmental challenges through hypothetical new venture creation. We present evidence regarding the efficacy of this experiential education, where online mentoring is blended with a team-based residential competition utilising inspirational speakers, practitioner support and peer learning in encouraging ECRs to consider commercialising their research. We conclude that long-term entrepreneurial career outcomes can be fostered through tailored short-term interventions.
Keywords: Entrepreneurship | SET | STEM | Entrepreneurship education | Evaluation | Commercialisation | Biotechnology | careers

This study investigates the systemic relationship between financing paths used by early-stage biotechnology firms, the accessed resources, the subsequent reconfiguration of management and governance structures, and their effect on the level of corporate entrepreneurship. Adopting a qualitative methodology based on an inductive approach, in 2018 and 2019 we observed 12 UK biotechnology ventures that accessed private, corporate or crowdfunding equity investments. We collected primary data through open-ended and semi-structured interviews with CEOs and board members of these firms. Findings were interpreted applying a resource-based perspective, which unveiled the role and importance of operant and operand resources for organizational coordination and functioning. The way in which the controlled operant resources are used to improve the management and governance structures, and their functional interdependence, ultimately determines an optimal level of corporate entrepreneurship for effectively exploiting the accessed operand resources. The results provide useful insights regarding the systemic interdependence between financing paths, organizational resources, management team, governance bodies, and corporate entrepreneurship, that can enhance the understanding and performance of managers, shareholders and policy-makers involved in biotechnology business.
Keywords: Equity financing paths | Operand and operant resources | Governance and management structures | Corporate entrepreneurship | Systemic perspective

In this paper, I draw on the institutional entrepreneurship and sociotechnical imaginaries literature to develop a prospective and actor-centric approach to understanding technological transitions. Empirically, I examine the initiatives that newcomers and incumbents engaged in between 1990 and 2005 to transition the socio-technical regime associated with recorded music. My account reveals the limited ability of these actors to effectively migrate the regime despite initiating several efforts to do so – a pattern of behavior I term the fragility of in- stitutional entrepreneurship. I identify underlying factors for why this is the case and suggest that these can contribute to a regime remaining in a state of flux for an extended period of time. I also demonstrate the emergence of provisional regimes or temporary settlements between actors that either gain traction or are themselves transformed over time. In specifying the micro-processes that unfold as part of such transitions, I provide a complementary perspective to the current theorizing around socio-technical regime migration, and contribute fresh insights to the institutional entrepreneurship and sociotechnical imaginaries literature.
Keywords: Socio-technical regime transition | Technological change | Institutional entrepreneurship | Sociotechnical imaginaries | Digital music

Background: Previous studies have postulated that four structural compartments may be differentiated in hair: surface protein domain, water-accessible protein domain, water-inaccessible protein domain, and melanin. Drugs contained in blood, sweat, sebum, and environment would be deposited in the first two domains, with primarily drugs in blood being incorporated in the latter two domains during hair synthesis. Drugs in the first two domains would be removed by washing procedures. Use of enzymatic extraction procedures and evaluation of hair for damage from harsh cosmetic treatments might help to separately identify and quantify the drugs incorporated in the second two domains. Aims: a) Development of an UPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of the following 19 antipsychotic drugs and metabolites in hair: amisulpride, aripiprazole, chlorpromazine, clotiapine, clozapine, desmethylclozapine, desmethylolanzapine, haloperidol, norchlorpromazine, 7-OH-quetia- pine, 9-OH-risperidone, olanzapine, pimozine, pimpamperone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, sulpride, and tiapride; b) evaluation of measurement of patient adherence to prescribed medication use, c) determination of the influence of biochemical individuality effects on hair drug content, d) evaluation of relative binding of antipsychotic drugs to protein and to melanin hair structures. Method: Approximately 10 mg of intact hair were decontaminated with isopropanol and phosphate buffer, and then enzymatically digested overnight with dithiothreitol. After centrifugation, the supernatant digest (protein fraction) was separated from the remaining melanin hair pellet (melanin fraction). Melanin fraction was washed with water, and the drugs were extracted with dimethyl sulfoxide with ball-mill pulverization. Both fractions were purified with solid-phase cation exchange cartridges and injected in the UHPLC-MS/MS system. Results and discussion: Validation of the method was carried out on the protein fraction following international guidelines. The limits of quantification ranged from 1.6–40 pg/mg. The method was applied to 59 head hair samples from prisoners from an antipsychotic compliance study in the criminal justice system in US. The patients were under chlorpromazine, haloperidol, risperidone, olanzapine, or quetiapine multiple antipsychotic treatment, during incarceration. The first head hair centimeter, closest to the scalp, was analyzed. The results were evaluated in relation to the type of hair, colour, hair damage, drug melanin affinity, and prescribed dose. In general, no good correlation between the prescribed dose/ concentration in hair was obtained. A wide range of antipsychotic concentrations were observed ‘dose mg/day (d); pg/mg protein fraction (A)’: chlorpromazine (d:50-400;A:1600) and its metabolite norchlorpromazine (A: 1600), haloperidol (d:4-20;A: 1600) and its metabolite 9-OH-quetiapine (A: Keywords: UPLC–MS/MS | Hair | Protein | Melanin | Antipsychotics | Chlorpromazine | Haloperidol | Risperid