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Shifting sands: Legal dispossession of small-scale miners in an extractivist era
جابجایی ماسه ها: عزل قانونی از معدنچیان در مقیاس کوچک در دوره استخراجی-2020 This article argues that the entanglements of a growing global demand for construction material and neoliberal
resource governance result in an incremental and piecemeal form of dispossession. While mining in Colombia
has been broadly researched, little has been said about sand extraction and the challenges small-scale artisanal
miners face when trying to formalise their activities. This article seeks to fill this gap by following a group of
areneros (manual sand extractors) who attempt to defend their right to sand extraction against a competing
mining claim. Drawn into the domain of the state, the areneros navigate a changing institutional setup and a
complex legislation that favours the wealthy, the lettered and the connected. Political-economic interests are
masked behind procedures, symbols and legal-administrative means, which create a ‘state effect’ and result in a
subtle form of legal dispossession. The article points towards a scalar model of dispossession, in which small-scale
mining activities pass through ‘small-scale intermediaries’ to end up in the hands of private corporate actors with
capital and technical expertise to conduct large-scale extraction. The article adds to the limited literature on sand
extraction and challenges the view that the activity is merely conducted by criminal actors; yet, it argues that
subsistence mining is under threat by government and corporate interests, positioning sand extraction as a new
resource frontier. As small-scale miners find themselves in the conflict between two competing rights regimes
and two competing production logics, they are doubly stretched between proletarianization and eviction,
criminalisation and self-erosion. Keywords: Legal dispossession | Small-scale mining | Sand extraction | Afro-descendants | State-making | Recognition |
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