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The development of complex and controversial innovations. Genetically modified mosquitoes for malaria eradication
توسعه نوآوری های پیچیده و بحث برانگیز. پشه های اصلاح شده ژنتیکی برای ریشه کن کردن مالاریا-2020 When there is significant uncertainty in an innovation project, research literature suggests that strictly sequencing
actions and stages may not be an appropriate mode of project management. We use a longitudinal
process approach and qualitative system dynamics modelling to study the development of genetically modified
(GM) mosquitoes for malaria eradication in an African country. Our data were collected in real time, from early
scientific research to deployment of the first prototype mosquitoes in the field. The gene drive technology for
modifying the mosquitoes is highly complex and controversial due to risks associated with its characteristics as a
living, self-replicating technology. We show that in this case the innovation journey is linear and highly
structured, but also embedded within a wider system of adoption that displays emergent behaviour. Although
the need to control risks associated with the technology imposes a linearity to the NPD process, there are
possibilities for deviation from a more structured sequence of stages. This arises from the effects of feedback
loops in the wider system of evidence creation and learning at the population and governance levels, which
cumulatively impact on acceptance of the innovation. The NPD and adoption processes are therefore closely
intertwined, meaning that the endpoint for R&D and beginning of mainstream adoption and diffusion are unclear.
A key challenge for those responsible for NPD and its regulation is to plan for the adoption of the technology
while simultaneously conducting its scientific and technical development. Keywords: New product development | Adoption | Genetically modified mosquitoes | Living technology | Gene drive | Malaria |
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