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Identification and differentiation of commercial and military explosives via high performance liquid chromatography – high resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF): Towards a forensic substance database on explosives
شناسایی و تمایز مواد منفجره تجاری و نظامی از طریق کروماتوگرافی مایع با کارایی بالا - طیف سنجی جرمی با وضوح بالا (HPLC-HRMS) ، پراش سنجی اشعه ایکس (XRD) و طیف سنجی فلورسانس اشعه ایکس (XRF): به سمت پایگاه داده مواد پزشکی قانونی در مورد مواد منفجره-2020 The identification of confiscated commercial and military explosives is a crucial step not only in the
uncovering of distribution pathways, but it also aids investigating officers in criminal casework. Even
though commercial and military explosives mainly rely on a small number of high-energy compounds, a
great variety of additives and synthesis by-products can be found that can differ depending on the brand,
manufacturer and application. This makes the identification of commercial and military explosives based
on their overall composition a promising approach that can be used to establish a pan-European Forensic
Substance Database on Explosives.
In this work, three analytical techniques were employed to analyze 36 samples of commercial and
military explosives from Germany and Switzerland. An HPLC-HRMS method was developed, using 27
analytes of interest that encompass high-energy compounds, synthesis by-products and additives. HPLCHRMS
and XRD were used to gather and confirm molecular information on each sample and XRF analyses
were carried out to gain insight on the elemental composition. Combining the results from all three
techniques, 41 different additives could be identified as being diagnostic analytes and all samples showed
a unique analytical fingerprint, which allows for a differentiation of the samples. Therefore, this work
presents a set of methods that can be used as a foundation for the creation and population of a database
on explosives that enables the assigning of specific formulations to certain brands, manufacturers and
countries of origin. Keywords: HPLC-HRMS | Powder XRD | XRF | Explosives | Commercial explosives | Military explosives |
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