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Disruption in food supply chain and undernourishment challenges: An empirical study in the context of Asian countries
اختلال در زنجیره تأمین مواد غذایی و چالش های کم غذایی: یک مطالعه تجربی در زمینه کشورهای آسیایی-2021 Undernourishment and associated health issues are some mammoth challenges that the world currently faces. The poorly design food supply chain (FSC) is considered a root cause of high undernourishment cases worldwide. Since all processes and stages in a supply chain are strongly connected, a slight delay or glitch can trigger a butterfly effect resulting in significant socio-economic losses. The FSC is vital to providing human essentials and a source of bread earning; rank at the top in global industries and any disturbance results in high unemployment and leading social evils like crime and violence in society. Recognize the same; this study examines the impact of food supply chain disruption on undernourished cases in selected Asian countries. Using Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) estimator, this study provides two key findings. First, a higher intensity of COVID-19 cases translates into higher undernourishment due to direct and indirect effects from higher stringency measures. Secondly, government financial allocations to combat COVID-19 and economic growth significantly mitigate the prevalence of undernourishment. Interestingly, a higher crime index is linked with higher undernourished cases supporting the proposition of socio-economic disorder. These results propose broad policy implications for governments, food regulatory authority, donor agencies, and Non-Governmental Organizations by strengthening the food supply chain and thus reduces undernourishment cases. Keywords: Food supply chain | COVID-19 | Unemployment | Undernourishment | Economic growth | Asian countries |
مقاله انگلیسی |
2 |
How can NGOs support collective action among the users of rural drinking water systems? A case study of Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) systems in Bangladesh
چگونه سازمان های غیردولتی می توانند از اقدامات جمعی در بین کاربران سیستم های آب شرب روستایی حمایت کنند؟ مطالعه موردی سیستم های مدیریت شارژ آبخوان (MAR) در بنگلادش-2020 In this article, we link NGO-supplied drinking water infrastructure projects with collective action development
approaches. Although governing local, shared drinking water systems (DWS) requires users to
act collectively, users rarely organize such collective action successfully by themselves. Nongovernmental
organizations (NGOs) are therefore frequently called upon to support local communities
to set up or consolidate the kind of local collective action required for governing DWSs. However, the
effectiveness of such forms of NGO support remains unclear. Therefore, this paper attempts to assess
the form and impact of this kind of NGO support. Combining insights gained from theory on institutions
for collective action in the context of shared resource systems, we develop a set of requirements presumed
necessary for guaranteeing both day-to-day and long-term collective action among local shared
DWS users. We apply this framework to empirically explore if, how and why NGO support targets these
requirements, and whether this support influences users’ capacity for collective action. To this end we
examine 11 cases where NGOs have worked with users of Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) systems
in Bangladesh. We collected data through focus group discussions, semi-structured interviews with local
leaders, NGO officials, and project staff, and by reviewing project documentation. We find that NGO support
favors long-term requirements over the requirements for day-to-day collective action. NGO activities
seem based on applying standard approaches to training and awareness raising, and less on
empowering users to craft their own solutions. A case for a lasting impact of NGO support on any of
the requirements is hard to make. Our results imply that when attempting to organize effective and
long-lasting forms of collective action among the users of shared resource systems, both NGOs and commissioners
of projects need to engage more explicitly in learning what works and what doesn’t. Keywords: Non-governmental organizations | Community management | Collective action | Managed aquifer recharge | Drinking water systems | Bangladesh |
مقاله انگلیسی |
3 |
Legal evaluation of the attacks caused by artificial intelligence-based lethal weapon systems within the context of Rome statute
ارزیابی حقوقی حملات ناشی از سیستم های سلاح کشنده مبتنی بر هوش مصنوعی در چارچوب قانون رم-2020 Artificial intelligence (AI) as of the level of development reached today has become a scientific reality that is subject to study in the fields of law, political science, and other social
sciences besides computer and software engineering. AI systems which perform relatively
simple tasks in the early stages of the development period are expected to become fully
or largely autonomous in the near future. Thanks to this, AI which includes the concepts of
machine learning, deep learning, and autonomy, has begun to play an important role in producing and using smart arms. However, questions about AI-Based Lethal Weapon Systems
(AILWS) and attacks that can be carried out by such systems have not been fully answered
under legal aspect. More particularly, it is a controversial issue who will be responsible for
the actions that an AILWS has committed. In this article, we discussed whether AILWS can
commit offense in the context of the Rome Statute, examined the applicable law regarding
the responsibility of AILWS, and tried to assess whether these systems can be held responsible in the context of international law, crime of aggression, and individual responsibility.
It is our finding that international legal rules including the Rome Statute can be applied
regarding the responsibility for the act/crime of aggression caused by AILWS. However, no
matter how advanced the cognitive capacity of an AI software, it will not be possible to resort to the personal responsibility of this kind of system since it has no legal personality
at all. In such a case, responsibility will remain with the actors who design, produce, and
use the system. Last but not least, since no AILWS software does have specific codes of conduct that can make legal and ethical reasonings for today, at the end of the study it was
recommended that states and non-governmental organizations together with manifacturers should constitute the necessary ethical rules written in software programs to prevent
these systems from unlawful acts and to develop mechanisms that would restrain AI from
working outside human control. Keywords: AI | Autonomy | Crime of aggression | Rome statute | IP law | IT law | International law |
مقاله انگلیسی |
4 |
Local entrepreneurship and social services in Romania: Territorial analysis
کارآفرینی محلی و خدمات اجتماعی در رومانی: تجزیه و تحلیل سرزمینی-2019 The density and typology of existing social services in a given country are dependent on a set of factorsincluding the social model, cultural, social and legal traditions, the general regulatory framework andthose specific to the labour market, protection and social assistance, demo-economic structures of thepopulation, the general level of income and the proportions of the incomes of various economic andsocial categories, the strategic priorities and the financial resources available to the central and localauthorities, the propensity of private operators and non-governmental organizations for involvement inthe sphere of social services, the levers that society uses to increase this propensity, etc.An important element in the decision to start a business in a certain area taken by the categories ofentrepreneurs in situations of vulnerability or with family members in such situations, the social servicesexperience an uneven territorial distribution in Romania.The analyses performed in Romania, based on 2016 data, reveal the existence of important differencesin the typology and density of the social services both by residential area (urban, rural) and the regionof development, in correlation with the level of development of the county/region and the wealth of thepopulation. Keywords:Social services | Vulnerable groups | Local entrepreneurship |
مقاله انگلیسی |
5 |
Green multi-tier supply chain management: An enabler investigation
مدیریت زنجیره تامین چند لایه سبز: یک تحقیق توانمند-2018 Stakeholder pressure, from actors including regulators, consumers and non-governmental organizations, has
made organizations more responsible for poor environmental performance of their direct and sub-suppliers.
Thus, green multi-tier supplier management (GMSM) has become an emergent topic. Yet it is still unclear how to
enable GMSM practices effectively, i.e. how to enable sub-suppliers environmental performance improvement.
To help address the gap in the literature, this paper aims to identify enablers for sub-suppliers environmental
performance improvement, and it further applies a Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory
(DEMATEL)-based case study method to evaluate inter-relationships among these enablers and improve the focal
companys GMSM practices, by using action research (AR) method principles. The data analysis and discussion
with a follow-up evaluation after two years provided insights for the successful implementation of GMSM. The
results show that top managers’ support from the organizations is a prominent and necessary foundational
enabler. An interesting observation is that close proximity of supply chain members is regarded as a very pro
minent enabler. Evaluation and feedback on these enablers two years later found that the enabler mapping was
beneficial, allowing them to address the most influential enablers, and thus the GMSM practices of the focal
company has been highly improved. This paper concludes with directions for further research.
Keywords: Supplier management ، Environmental ، Green supply chain management ، Multi-tier supplier management ، Decision-making trial and evaluation ، laboratory ، Action research |
مقاله انگلیسی |
6 |
Green multi-tier supply chain management: An enabler investigation
مدیریت زنجیره تامین چند لایه سبز: یک تحقیق توانمند ساز-2017 Stakeholder pressure, from actors including regulators, consumers and non-governmental organizations, has
made organizations more responsible for poor environmental performance of their direct and sub-suppliers.
Thus, green multi-tier supplier management (GMSM) has become an emergent topic. Yet it is still unclear how to
enable GMSM practices effectively, i.e. how to enable sub-suppliers environmental performance improvement.
To help address the gap in the literature, this paper aims to identify enablers for sub-suppliers environmental
performance improvement, and it further applies a Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory
(DEMATEL)-based case study method to evaluate inter-relationships among these enablers and improve the focal
companys GMSM practices, by using action research (AR) method principles. The data analysis and discussion
with a follow-up evaluation after two years provided insights for the successful implementation of GMSM. The
results show that top managers’ support from the organizations is a prominent and necessary foundational
enabler. An interesting observation is that close proximity of supply chain members is regarded as a very pro
minent enabler. Evaluation and feedback on these enablers two years later found that the enabler mapping was
beneficial, allowing them to address the most influential enablers, and thus the GMSM practices of the focal
company has been highly improved. This paper concludes with directions for further research.
Keywords: Supplier management | Environmental | Green supply chain management | Multi-tier supplier management | Decision-making trial and evaluation | laboratory | Action research |
مقاله انگلیسی |
7 |
Structured inter-network collaboration: Public participation in tourism planning in Southern China
همکاری ساختاری بین شبکه: مشارکت عمومی در برنامه ریزی گردشگری در جنوب چین-2017 Public participation is considered a cornerstone of sustainable tourism planning. Although this process is
well established and tested in western democracies, there is an emerging trend of developing it within
the liberalizing Chinese tourism economy. Using a qualitative research strategy, this paper applies the
theoretical construction of community participation in tourism planning to the analysis of the planning
process of a tourism destination in Jiao Chang Wei, Shenzhen, China. The paper finds that: 1) public
participation has played a significant role in the formulation and implementation of the tourism desti
nation plan in the case study area. 2) Structuralized inter-network collaboration led-by government
organized non-governmental organizations has the potential to become dominant paradigm of public
participation in tourism planning in China in the future. The paper concludes with the contributions of
this research to wider theory.
Keywords: Public participation | Collaborative tourism planning | Community development | Shenzhen | China |
مقاله انگلیسی |
8 |
Map of different vaccine supply chain efficiency measures
نقشه های مختلف بهره وری زنجیره تامین واکسن-2017 Although a number of seemingly disparate measures are
being used to evaluate different aspects of vaccine supply chain
operations, it may be unclear how they fit together and may
overlap. Through our work on vaccine supply chains over the
past eight years, our HERMES Team (1) assembled a list of mea
sures that have been used (defined in Appendix A) [1,2]; (2)
determined how these measures relate to one another; (3)
grouped the measures into those that represent the supply side,
demand side, and four domains that incorporate both (agility,
costs, resource utilization, and demand fulfillment); and (4)
added arrows to represent the relationships between the mea
sures, with each connection labeled as positive (i.e. as one com
ponent increases, the other component also increases) or
negative (i.e. as one component increases, the other decreases).
Fig. 1 shows how some measures are actually calculated or
derived from other measures (e.g. total cost per dose adminis
tered incorporates logistics costs, vaccine procurement costs,
and doses administered). With this map, decision makers such
as immunization program managers, ministries of health, and
non-governmental organizations can determine whether they
are collecting duplicative information, missing measuring certain
domains, or could use alternative measures to capture the same
or more information.
Keywords: Vaccine supply chain | Monitoring and evaluation | Efficiency measures | Operations research |
مقاله انگلیسی |
9 |
Assembling international development: Accountability and the disarticulation of a social movement
مونتاژ توسعه بین المللی: پاسخگویی و از هم گسیختگی یک جنبش اجتماعی-2017 This paper examines how international development funding and accountability requirements are
implicated in the so-called disarticulation of a social movement. Based on field studies in Guatemala and
El Salvador, we show and explain the way accountability requirements, which encompass management
and accounting, legal, and financial technologies, constitute the field of international development
through the regulation of heterogeneous social movement organizations. We highlight how account
ability enables a form of governance that makes possible the emergence of entities (with specific at
tributes), while restricting others. Our analysis has implications for governmentality studies that have
examined the interrelation of assemblages by analyzing how these interrelations are operationalized at
the field level through the Deleuze-and-Guattari-inspired processes of territorialization, coding, and
overcoding.
Keywords: Accountability | Social movements | International development | Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) | Governmentality | Assemblages |
مقاله انگلیسی |