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Criteria for effective regional scale catchment to reef management: A case study of Australias Great Barrier Reef
معیارهای حمل و نقل موثر منطقه ای به مدیریت ریف: مطالعه موردی صخره های بزرگ مانع استرالیا-2021 Many coastal and marine ecosystems around the world are under increasing threat from a range of anthropogenic
influences. The management of these threats continues to present ongoing challenges, with many ecosystems
increasingly requiring active restoration to support or re-establish the ecosystems biological, cultural, social and
economic values. The current condition of Australias Great Barrier Reef (GBR) and its threats, including water
quality, climate change and the loss of wetlands, causing the continuing decline in the GBRs ecological condition
and function, has received global attention. Activities aimed at halting these declines and system restoration have
been underway for over forty years. These activities are challenging to implement, and much has been learnt
from their various outcomes. This paper considers the GBR and the associated management activities as a case
study for regional scale catchment to reef management. It summarises the management approaches to date,
describing the key role that science, policy and community have played in underpinning various investments.
Four criteria for success are proposed: the lead role of the community, the need for a systems approach, the need
for targeted, cost-effective and sustainable long-term investment, and importantly, building knowledge and
maintaining consensus and political commitment. keywords: سیستم های زیست محیطی | تنوع زیستی | حوضه | سواحل | اقیانوس ها | انجمن | تعمیر | انعطاف پذیری | ریف بزرگ مانع | Ecological systems | Biodiversity | Catchments | Coasts | Oceans | Community | Repair | Resilience | Great Barrier Reef |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Saving the North Atlantic right whale in a changing ocean: Gauging scientific and law and policy responses
نجات نهنگ اقیانوس اطلس شمالی در اقیانوس در حال تغییر: اندازه گیری پاسخ های علمی و قانونی و سیاسی-2020 North Atlantic right whales (NARW) are one of the most endangered marine animals with a global population of
~400 individuals left. Recent climate-driven shifts in distribution have significantly increased their mortality risk
from human activities. After twelve NARWs died in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 2017 from fishing gear entanglement
and ship strikes, Canada adopted measures designed to decrease overlap between these whales and
relevant threats. Real-time monitoring of whale distribution combined with dynamic management of shipping
corridors and fishing areas proved to be effective in reducing regional mortality to zero in 2018. Yet, this
complex system was expensive to implement and caused tension with affected sectors. Following stakeholder
consultations, Canada modified the system of static and dynamic measures for the 2019 season. These measures
were less effective and eight observed right whale deaths triggered additional emergency responses. This paper
reviews scientific and legal tools that were used to implement spatial management of NARW and marine activities
between 2017 and 2019. It identifies key legislation that directs the government to protect NARW, such
as the Species at Risk Act (SARA), as well as the regulatory tools under the Fisheries Act and Canada Shipping Act
and discusses weaknesses in the implementation of these legal frameworks that contributed to compromised
outcomes. The paper concludes with recommendations designed to promote recovery and protect endangered
species that may undergo similar changes in distributions and threats under ongoing climate and environmental
change. The need to strengthen the role of Canada’s Species at Risk Act in future conservation efforts is highlighted,
specifically the need to address the effects of climate change in recovery planning and the importance of
expanding critical habitat protections. Keywords: Species at risk | Climate change | Oceans | North Atlantic right whale | Canada |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Analysis of international, European and Scot’s law governing marine litter and integration of policy within regional marine plans
تجزیه و تحلیل قانون بین المللی ، اروپا و اسکاتلند در مورد حاشیه دریا و ادغام سیاست در برنامه های دریایی منطقه ای-2020 Within recent years, the issue of marine litter has become increasingly relevant to the citizens of Scotland. Inputs
from shipping and fishing activities with additional contributions from society’s throw away lifestyle has
inundated healthy seas, endangered wildlife and degraded the health of the oceans. International, European and
Scot’s law governing the marine environment exists on a legally and non-legally binding basis, with the strictest
of regulations concerning marine litter more commonly found on a non-legally binding basis. A global response is
necessary to curb the issue but despite commitments to protect the marine environment, many States that have
committed to reducing environmental pollution via international treaties are lagging on their promises. The
introduction of marine planning to reduce conflict between users and the marine environment has the potential
to address marine litter and to uphold commitments for healthy seas under the Marine Strategy Framework
Directive. This paper, using a scientific literature-based analysis, evaluates international, European and Scottish
environmental law that addresses aspects of marine litter, including inputs, types of marine litter and the outcomes
of parties found guilty of contributing to the issue. Integration of these policies within regional marine
plans utilising local knowledge has become the first step in tackling this ubiquitous problem, as well as increasing
awareness of policies and marine planning amongst the public. A survey was carried out in Scotland to establish
awareness levels on these topics: awareness of marine litter (100%), marine planning (34%) and regional marine
plans (33%). Raising public awareness of marine planning will aid its effectiveness in reducing the presence and
impact of marine litter. Keywords: Marine litter | Marine planning | Environmental law | Policies | By-laws | Scotland |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Coastal and marine tourism: A challenging factor in Marine Spatial Planning
گردشگری ساحلی و دریایی: عامل چالش برانگیز در برنامه ریزی فضایی دریایی-2016 Coastal and marine space is “home” to a constantly growing number of human activities and facilities,
the most important of which are those related to coastal and marine tourism. Being one of the largest
segments of the maritime economic sectors, as well as the largest component of the tourism industry,
coastal and marine tourism often raise controversy regarding the environmental impacts and the
compatibilities with other human activities.
Marine Spatial Planning (MSP), is considered to be a promising procedure in tackling developmental
and management issues related to the oceans and seas, and thus issues related to coastal and marine
tourism. Indeed the present paper argues over the significant role of MSP in organizing and planning
coastal and marine tourism activities and especially in ensuring: a) good environmental conditions for
the tourism industry to prosper, b) quality of seascapes and coastal landscapes and other resources of
importance to tourism, c) adaptation to climate change effects, d) spatial regulations so that coastal and
marine space is not overwhelmed by tourism facilities and activities and e) wise allocation of human
uses in the coastal zone so as to avoid conflicts and create synergies among sectors.
Keywords: Marine tourism | Coastal tourism | Marine Spatial Planning | Tourism planning |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Combining a locomotion indicator and data mining to analyze the interactive patterns between copepods and ciliates
ترکیب یک شاخص نقل و انتقال و داده کاوی به تجزیه و تحلیل الگوهای تعاملی بین پاروپایان و مژه داران-2015 Interactions between zooplankton not only affect the world's carbon fixation but also have a direct impact on the yields of the fishing industry. Both copepods and ciliates have a crucial linkage role in constituting the marine food web. Analyzing the predator–prey interactions between these two species helps us to understand the productivity of oceans better. In this study, we explored the interactive patterns between copepods and ciliates and used the locomotion indicator net-to-gross displacement ratio (NGDR) to conduct quantitative analyses on the swimming patterns of copepods. We discovered that the movement trails of copepods are more distorted in undisturbed environments where the NGDR was significantly lower. In an environment where ciliates were present, the NGDR of copepods was significantly higher. This result indicated that the movement trails in the latter scenario were more linear and that the NGDR can clearly distinguish the swimming patterns of copepods. In addition, this study developed a qualitative motion description to be embedded in the interactive trail data of copepods and ciliates, which facilitates the data mining technologies needed to perform advanced analyses. The results of the association rules and decision tree analyses clearly demonstrated the interactive characteristics that could not be explored solely using locomotion indicators. The most obvious characteristic is that the swimming patterns employed by copepods to approach ciliates were either a downward vertical sinking or a horizontal movement. Upward movements for the copepods were not typically observed. More detailed swimming patterns of interactions between copepods and ciliates were revealed using the rule-based forms.© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.1.
Data mining | Locomotion indicator | Qualitative motion descriptio | Copepod and ciliate interaction |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Discovering insights within a Blue Ocean based on Business Intelligence
کشف بینش در یک اقیانوس آبی بر اساس هوش تجاری-2015 organizations to accomplish intelligent actions to address time-sensitive business processes and benefit from analytics. Business
Intelligence processes within companies allow obtaining blue oceans where a strong growth and high business benefits are
pursued through the creation of a new demand in an unknown strategic space, instead of facing competitors pursued to achieve
customers in an already developed activity. This article describes a case study where the behavior of virtual visitors from the
BRIC (Brazil, China, India and Russia) market into one of the most important country websites focusing its activity on tourism.
Through the study of web analytics on the website, it will be showcased different interests identified via digital footprint left by
the virtual visitors and depending on their country of origin. This fact will allow harmonizing the content and supply of tourism
resources of the web site with regard to virtual visitors from these markets. Ultimately, it will allow to direct actions of specific emarketing
to the BRIC market.
Keywords: e-marketing, business intelligence, Blue Ocean, digital footprint |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Combining A Locomotion Indicator and Data Mining to Analyze the Interactive Patterns between Copepods and Ciliates
ترکیب یک حرکت شاخص و داده کاوی به منظور تجزیه و تحلیل الگوهای تعاملی بین پاروپایان و مژه داران-2015 Interactions between zooplankton not only affect the world‘s carbon fixation but also have a
direct impact on the yields of the fishing industry. Both copepods and ciliates have a crucial linkage
role in constituting the marine food web. Analyzing the predator-prey interactions between these two
species helps us to understand the productivity of oceans better. In this study, we explored the
interactive patterns between copepods and ciliates and used the locomotion indicator net-to-gross
displacement ratio (NGDR) to conduct quantitative analyses on the swimming patterns of copepods.
We discovered that the movement trails of copepods are more distorted in undisturbed environments
where the NGDR was significantly lower. In an environment where ciliates were present, the NGDR
of copepods was significantly higher. This result indicated that the movement trails in the latter
scenario were more linear and that the NGDR can clearly distinguish the swimming patterns of
copepods. In addition, this study developed a qualitative motion description to be embedded in the
interactive trail data of copepods and ciliates, which facilitates the data mining technologies needed
to perform advanced analyses. The results of the association rules and decision tree analyses clearly
demonstrated the interactive characteristics that could not be explored solely using locomotion
indicators. The most obvious characteristic is that the swimming patterns employed by copepods to
approach ciliates were either a downward vertical sinking or a horizontal movement. Upward
movements for the copepods were not typically observed. More detailed swimming patterns of
interactions between copepods and ciliates were revealed using the rule-based forms.
Keywords: Data mining, Locomotion indicator, Qualitative motion description, Copepod and ciliate
interaction |
مقاله انگلیسی |