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The mental and physical health of older offenders: A systematic review and meta-analysis
سلامت روان و جسمی مجرمان سالخورده: یک بررسی منظم و متاآنالیز-2020 A systematic review with meta-analysis was performed to: 1) estimate the prevalence of both
mental and physical health problems in older offenders; 2) calculate relative risks for the health
conditions in relation to non-offender older adults and; 3) explore the potential confounding
role of several variables. We searched five databases up to August 2019. Studies involving
offenders older than 50 years old were included. Fifty-five publications met criteria. The pooled
prevalence for 18 mental and 28 physical health problems was calculated. In comparison with
non-offender older adults, older offenders showed significantly higher risk for Hypertension
(RR=1.16, CI=1.1, 1.2), Cardiovascular Diseases (RR=1.24, CI=1.09, 1.41), Respiratory
diseases (RR=1.75, CI=1.29, 2.35), and Arthritis (RR=1.19, CI=1.12, 1.25). Heterogeneity was
significant for all meta-analyses and partially explained by the confounding effect of country,
the diagnosis assessment method, and the sample characteristics. Future research should include
comparison groups of non-offender older adults and use longitudinal study designs to identify
risk factors that can be targeted in preventive programmes. Keywords: Aging | Older Offenders | Criminal Behavior | Mental health | Physical Health |
مقاله انگلیسی |
2 |
Older offenders deemed criminally irresponsible in Flanders (Belgium): Descriptive results from a retrospective case note study
تلقی جرم جنایی غیر مسئولانه مجرمان قدیمی تر در فلاندر (بلژیک) : نتایج توصیفی از یک مطالعه گذشته نگر یادداشتی موردی-2016 Introduction: In Belgium, offenders who are deemed criminally irresponsible for their criminal actions because of
mental illness or intellectual disability are subject to a specific safety measure with the dual objective of
protecting society and providing mandated care to the offender. While Belgian law requires that offenders
who are deemed criminally irresponsible should be in a hospital, clinic or other appropriate institution outside
of prison, in practice, about one-third of all such offenders still reside in prison. Whether imprisoned or living
in settings outside prison, there is a dearth of knowledge on the characteristics of the aging population among
the criminally irresponsible offenders.
Objective: This paper aimed to explore the characteristics of older offenders categorized as criminally irresponsible in Flanders (northern Belgium) with a focus on the differences between imprisoned older offenders deemed criminally irresponsible and their peers who are residing outside prison. Method: A retrospective case note study of all offenders deemed criminally irresponsible, N60 years of age (n = 174), was conducted in the four Commissions of Social Defense, which implement the procedure in the case of those deemed criminally irresponsible in Flanders. The files were screened for (1) demographic characteristics, (2) criminal history as well as (3) mental and physical health issues. Results: One-fourth of the population were N70 years of age. A total of 30.5% were in prison. Compared to their non-imprisoned peers, the imprisoned offenders had a history of having committed more serious violent crimes towards persons, such as homicides and sexual crimes. In addition, imprisoned older offenders categorized as criminally irresponsible are characterized more explicitly by personality traits that are likely to reduce their chances of being transferred to more appropriate settings in the community. Implications: A comprehensive and systematic screening of all older offenders deemed criminally irresponsible with regard to health needs and social functioning, including age-related deterioration, alcoholism, and other causes of social disadvantages, is warranted to detect potentially hidden problems. Keywords: Older | Elderly | Prisoners | Offenders | Criminally irresponsible |
مقاله انگلیسی |