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What are we missing when we measure accessibility? Comparing calculated and self-reported accounts among older people
وقتی ما قابلیت دسترسی را اندازه گیری می کنیم، چه چیزی را از دست دادیم؟مقایسه حساب های محاسبه شده و خود گزارش شده در میان افراد مسن-2021 Accessibility is increasingly recognised as a key purpose of transport policies. Most of the common practices
found both in academic studies and policy planning draw on relatively simple accessibility measures taken as
‘objective’ indicators that only focus on the interaction between land use and transport. Relatively little attention
has been paid to heterogeneity in individual characteristics and in self-reported perceptions of accessibility
(‘subjective’ indicators), and the corresponding differences with respect to available modal options. This study
includes a comparison of (1) ‘objective’ indicators of accessibility to key activities by various modes of transport;
and (2) individuals’ own perceptions of their capability to access valuable out-of-home activities and the modal
options available to them. This study examines the key differences between the two representations of acces-
sibility. The calculated measure was developed using door-to-door travel times to supermarkets and healthcare
centres using OpenTripPlanner. The self-reported measure was based on a dedicated capability-oriented travel
survey of people aged 65–79 in Sweden’s large metropolitan regions: Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malm¨o. The
data were analysed using descriptive statistics and binary and multinomial logistic regressions. The results of this
study allow us to gain a greater insight into the ways in which the two accounts differ and can complement one
another. We find that conventional methods, by overlooking the heterogeneity in people’s perceptions of their
accessibility, tend to overestimate accessibility levels and underestimate accessibility inequalities. This study
shows how perceived accounts of accessibility can be incorporated into conventional accessibility models and
improve accessibility analyses. keywords: دسترسی | تحرک | افراد مسن تر | رویکرد توانایی | گزارش شده | دسترسی محاسبه شده | ذهنی | Accessibility | Mobility | Older people | Capability approach | Self-reported | Calculated accessibility | Subjective |
مقاله انگلیسی |
2 |
The UK pensions landscape – A critique of the role of accountants and accounting technologies in the treatment of social and societal risks
چشم انداز بازنشستگی انگلستان - نقد نقش حسابداران و فناوری های حسابداری در درمان ریسک های اجتماعی و اجتماعی-2021 The well-being of older people in society depends in part on their having sufficient
financial resources to provide for their everyday needs, and to enable them to maintain
their health and relationships. Pensions are therefore directly implicated in the wellbeing of older members of the population and hence are a potential source of significant
social and societal risks. This paper critiques the role of accountants and accounting
technologies in the treatment of the social and societal risks inherent in the UK
occupational pensions’ landscape in relation to four characteristics of pensions’ security,
namely that pensions should be predictable, stable, long-lasting and comprehensive. The
UK pensions’ landscape has undergone rapid and fundamental change in recent years. A
range of examples drawn from state, public and private sector occupational schemes are
discussed. Across all sectors, while some people have gained, others have lost valuable
pension benefits. In occupational schemes, employer costs have been reduced and
pension liabilities have been de-risked, usually involving risk sharing with employees or
risk shifting towards employees. The role played by accountants and other business
advisers in quantifying, analysing and mitigating this work is critiqued. The rhetoric of
de-risking, security and enablement inherent in the various pension changes, where the
reality is often different, is examined and implications for social and societal risk explored.
keywords: ریسک اجتماعی و اجتماعی | ریسک | تغییر ریسک | حقوق بازنشستگی دولتی | طرح های بازنشستگی شغلی | Social and societal risk | De-risking | Risk shifting | State pensions | Occupational pension schemes |
مقاله انگلیسی |
3 |
Demographic variation in active consumer behaviour: On-line search for retail broadband services
تنوع جمعیتی در رفتار فعال مصرف کننده: جستجوی آنلاین خدمات پهن باند خرده فروشی-2020 Consumers who actively search for better broadband deals may benefit from lower prices or improved service
quality compared to those who do not. If, however, consumers differ in their propensity to engage with the
market and actively search, these potential benefits may not accrue equally. This paper investigates differences
in consumer search activity for telecommunications services across small geographic areas. We exploit rich and
novel data from a commercial price comparison site to explore the dispersion of consumer search in the Irish
retail broadband market, while controlling for supply-side variations. By linking geo-coded searches to census
data on small area socio-economic characteristics, we identify the areas where most search originates and can
thus characterise the socio-economic groups to whom the benefits of search are most likely to accrue. We find
evidence that areas populated by many highly educated, married people, commuters, mortgage holders, and
retirees are among the most active in search. In contrast, those areas in which many older people, farmers,
low-skilled workers and students reside give rise to significantly fewer consumer searches. Keywords: Broadband services | Consumer search behaviour | Socio-economic effects | Ireland | behavioural economics | Microeconomics | Technology management | Consumer attitude | Consumer psychology | psychology | business | economics |
مقاله انگلیسی |
4 |
The application of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to identify frailty within a residential aged care administrative data set
استفاده از تکنیک های هوش مصنوعی برای شناسایی ضعف در یک مجموعه داده های اداری مراقبت از سالمندان مسکونی-2020 Introduction: Research has shown that frailty, a geriatric syndrome associated with an increased risk of negative
outcomes for older people, is highly prevalent among residents of residential aged care facilities (also called long
term care facilities or nursing homes). However, progress on effective identification of frailty within residential
care remains at an early stage, necessitating the development of new methods for accurate and efficient
screening.
Objectives: We aimed to determine the effectiveness of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms in accurately
identifying frailty among residents aged 75 years and over in comparison with a calculated electronic Frailty
Index (eFI) based on a routinely-collected residential aged care administrative data set drawn from 10 residential
care facilities located in Queensland, Australia. A secondary objective included the identification of best-performing
candidate algorithms.
Methods: We designed a frailty prediction system based on the eFI identification of frailty, allocating 84.5 % and
15.5 % of the data to training and test data sets respectively. We compared the performance of 18 specific
scenarios to predict frailty against eFI based on unique combinations of three ML algorithms (support vector
machines [SVM], decision trees [DT] and K-nearest neighbours [KNN]) and six cases (6, 10, 11, 14, 39 and 70
input variables). We calculated accuracy, percentage positive and negative agreement, sensitivity, specificity,
Cohen’s kappa and Prevalence- and Bias- Adjusted Kappa (PABAK), table frequencies and positive and negative
predictive values.
Results: Of 592 eligible resident records, 500 were allocated to the training set and 92 to the test set. Three
scenarios (10, 11 and 70 input variables), all based on SVM algorithm, returned overall accuracy above 75 %.
Conclusions: There is some potential for AI techniques to contribute towards better frailty identification within
residential care. However, potential benefits will need to be weighed against administrative burden, data quality
concerns and presence of potential bias. Keywords: Artificial intelligence| Frailty | Residential facilities | Machine learning | Health records | Personal |
مقاله انگلیسی |
5 |
Development and application of the Activity-BAsed Traveler Analyzer (ABATA) system
توسعه و کاربرد سیستم تجزیه و تحلیل مسافرتی Activity-BAsed (ABATA)-2020 While advanced technologies and big data are widely used in the transportation study, most transportation
plans still rely on some variant of traditional four-step demand forecasting models. The most
significant limitations of the four-step model are spatiotemporal aggregation of data and difficulty of
considering individual travel behaviors. To address these drawbacks, activity-based modeling systems
have increasingly been developed. In this paper, we present a new activity-based analytical system,
called Activity-BAsed Traveler Analyzer (ABATA). The distinguishing feature of ABATA is the simulation
of the present hourly service population that is determined from mobile phone data instead of a
synthetic population. ABATA comprises multiple components, including an hourly total population
estimator, activity profile constructor, hourly activity population estimator, spatial activity population
estimator, and origin–destination estimator. To demonstrate the proposed method, a future aged
society in Gangnam, Korea is evaluated as a case study. The results indicate that the hourly activity
populations engaged in work, school, and private education decreased, while those engaged in home,
shopping, recreation and other activities increased with the aging of the population. The associated
changes in mobility were found to be rational and reasonable: older people tend to have a more flexible
working time, make shorter-distance trips, undertake more trips for shopping, recreation, home, and
other activities, and finish their trips earlier, before evening. The proposed ABATA system is expected to
provide a valuable tool for simulating the impacts of future changes in population, activity schedules,
and land use on activity populations and travel demands. Keywords: Activity-based model | Mobile phone data | Hourly service population | Mobility | Aged society |
مقاله انگلیسی |
6 |
How older people became less afraid of crime: An age-period-cohort analysis using repeated cross-sectional survey data
چگونه افراد مسن تر از جرم و جنایت کمتر می ترسند: تحلیل با سن دوره کوهورت با استفاده از تکرار داده های مروری به صورت مقطعی-2019 One of the most robust predictors of fear of crime is age: Older people tend to be more fearful.
Yet, many questions beyond the basic cross-sectional relationship remain unexplored. We investigate
cohort effects on fear of crime, applying graphical analyses and a version of the hierarchical
age-period-cohort (HAPC) analysis to eight waves of the German subset of the European
Social Survey. We hypothesize that health improvements and the educational expansion in
postwar Germany led to a decreasing cohort trend, and that children exposed to traumatic experiences
and adverse living conditions during and after World War II report higher levels of
perceived insecurity throughout the life course. We argue that cross-sectional age differences are,
in fact, to a large extent cohort effects, mediated by improved self-rated health and increasing
education. The analyses also unveil a recent period effect after 2014. These novel findings add
considerably to the understanding of the temporal dynamics of fear of crime. Keywords: Fear of crime | Age-period-cohort analysis | Generation | Education | Health |
مقاله انگلیسی |
7 |
Effect of the economic crisis on the use of health and home care services among elderly Spanish diabetes patients
تأثیر بحران اقتصادی بر استفاده از خدمات مراقبت بهداشتی و سالم در بیماران دیابتی سالمند اسپانیایی -2018 Aims: To describe the utilization of health and home care services among older people
(65 years) with diabetes during the economic crisis; to identify the factors associated with
changes in the utilization of these services; and to study the time trends (2009–2014).
Methods: We used the European Health Interview Surveys for Spain (EEHSS) for 2009/10 and
2014. The dependent variables included self-reported hospitalizations; general practitioner
(GP) visits; ‘other healthcare services’ (OHS) used; and home care services (HCS) used.
Results: We identified 6026 and 6020 diabetic patients (EEHSS2009 and EEHSS2014, respec
tively). A significant decrease in the number of GP visits (OR 0.94; 95% CI 0.91–0.98) and the
use of HCS (OR 0.95; 95% CI 0.91–0.99) was found; however, we found an increase in the use
of OHS (OR 1.06; 95% CI 1.02–1.10). Multivariate models showed that factors associated with
an increased use included chronic conditions, worse self-rated health, pain and mental dis
orders. Physical activity was a strong predictor of lower hospitalizations and HCS use.
Female gender was associated with significantly lower hospitalizations and a higher use
of OHC and HCS.
Conclusion: We found a decrease in the number of GP visits and the use of HCS among
elderly diabetic adults; however, we also observed an increase in the use of OHS, which
may partly explain this decrease in the figures. Significant differences in the use of health
services were found according to gender. The effect of the economic crisis, if any, seems to
have had a small magnitude.
Keywords: Diabetes ، Older people ، Healthcare services ، Population-based ، Time trends ، Economic crisis |
مقاله انگلیسی |
8 |
Blood Glucose Management of Type 2 Diabetes in the Older People
مدیریت گلوکز خون دیابت نوع 2 در سالمندان -2018 With the increasing number of aged individuals in the population and the elevated prevalence of dia
betes worldwide, there are more and older people with type 2 diabetes. Unfortunately, the management
of diabetes in the elderly is not easy. Older people are heterogeneous. Hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia
crises are more frequent and dangerous to older patients. Comorbidities, functional impairment and the
available support system may influence the management of the disease. The target of glycemic control in
the elderly should be based on individual conditions. Although the number of clinical trials relating to
the management of type 2 diabetes in the elderly is limited, organizations have provided guidelines or
statements about type 2 diabetes in the elderly. There are approved therapies or medicines for type 2
diabetes controls, but we should have more considerations for aged patients with type 2 diabetes.
Keywords: type 2 diabetes , aged |
مقاله انگلیسی |
9 |
Social pathways to health_ On the mediating role of the social network in the relation between socio-economic position and health
مسیرهای اجتماعی برای سلامتی. بر نقش میانجیگری شبکه اجتماعی در رابطه بین موقعیت اجتماعی و اقتصادی و سلامت-2017 Good health is one of the key qualities of life, but opportunities to be and remain healthy are unequally
distributed across socio-economic groups. The beneficial health effects of the social network are well known.
However, research on the social network as potential mediator in the pathway from socio-economic position
(SEP) to health is scarce, while there are good reasons to expect a socio-economical patterning of networks. We
aim to contribute to our understanding of socio-economic inequalities in health by examining the mediating role
of structural and functional characteristics of the social network in the SEP-health relationship. Data were from
the second wave of the Norwegian study on the life course, aging and generation study (NorLAG) and comprised
4534 men and 4690 women aged between 40 and 81. We applied multiple mediation models to evaluate the
relative importance of each network characteristic, and multiple group analysis to examine differences between
middle-aged and older men and women. Our results indicated a clear socio-economical patterning of the social
network for men and women. People with higher SEP had social networks that better protect against loneliness,
which in turn lead to better health outcomes. The explained variance in health in older people by the social
network and SEP was only half of the explained variance observed in middle-aged people, suggesting that other
factors than SEP were more important for health when people age. We conclude that it is the function of the
network, rather than the structure, that counts for health.
Keywords: Socio-economic position | Social networks | Multiple mediation | Older adults |Health inequalities |
مقاله انگلیسی |
10 |
An Internet-of-Things (IoT) System Development and Implementation for Bathroom Safety Enhancement
توسعه و پیاده سازی سیستم اینترنت (اینترنت اشیاء) برای ارتقاء ایمنی حمام-2016 Statistics show that a bathroom is one of the most hazardous places especially for older people. Older people typically have
greater difficulties with mobility and balance, making them more vulnerable to fall and slip injuries in a bathroom and causing
serious health issues related to short and long-term well-being. Various components in a bathroom including shower, tub, floor,
and toilet have been re-designed, and independently upgraded their ergonomics and safety aspects; however, the number of
bathroom injuries remains consistently high in general. Internet-of-Things (IoT) is a new concept applicable to almost
everywhere and man-made objects. Wireless sensors detect abnormalities and send data through the network. A large amount of
data can be collected from multiple IoT systems and it can be utilized for a big data analysis. The big data may reveal a hidden
positive outcome beyond the initially intended purposes. A few commercial IoT applications such as wearable health monitoring
and intelligent transportation systems are available. Nevertheless, An IoT application for a bathroom is not currently known.
Unlike other applications, bathrooms have some unique aspects such as privacy and wet environment. This paper presents a
holistic conceptual approach of an Internet-of-Things (IoT) system development and implementation to enhance bathroom safety.
The concept focuses on the application in a large nursing care facility as a pilot testing bed. Authors propose 1) sensor selection
and application, 2) integration of a wireless sensor local network system, 3) design concept for IoT implementation, and 4) a big
data analysis system model in this paper.
Keywords: Internet-of-Things | Bathroom Safety | Wireless Sensor Network | Big Data |
مقاله انگلیسی |