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نتیجه جستجو - Organised crime

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 8
ردیف عنوان نوع
1 International wildlife trade, avian influenza, organised crime and the effectiveness of CITES: The Chinese hwamei as a case study
تجارت بین المللی حیات وحش ، آنفلوانزای مرغی ، جرایم سازمان یافته و اثربخشی CITES: هوآمی چینی به عنوان مطالعه موردی-2020
The Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is the most important global initiative to monitor and regulate the international trade of plants and animals, but there is a lack of (retrospective) assessments of the effectiveness of its actions. We here focus on the international trade in Chinese hwamei Garrulax canorus, a songbird native to south-eastern China and northern Lao PDR and Vietnam. Prior to the year 2000, the species was heavily traded as an ornamental cage bird, both in countries within and outside its natural range. In an effort to prevent international overexploitation, at the request of China, the Chinese hwamei was listed in Appendix II of CITES, regulating all international trade. Here we compare data from three non-range countries (Thailand, Singapore and Indonesia) for which we have bird market survey data prior to and following the CITES listing. In addition, we assess whether or not CITES import and export figures agree with observations in the bird markets, and explore the contemporary (online) trade and trafficking in Chinese hwamei. We find a clear effect of the CITES listing and Chinese export restrictions in Indonesia (before ~50 birds/survey vs ~15 birds/survey after), but not in Thailand (~10 vs ~13) and Singapore (~4 vs ~16). Singapore is the only country that reports the import of Chinese hwamei, 1650 birds in 2002e2004 only, possibly accounting for a proportion of the birds observed in trade. In contrast, neither Thailand nor Indonesia report the import of a single Chinese hwamei since its CITES listing, despite some 2000 birds having been recorded openly for sale, suggesting large-scale illegal international trade in the species. Five seizures in Singapore and Indonesia were mostly because of concern about avian influenza. Price data, corrected for inflation, suggests that prices for Chinese hwamei have increased substantially, albeit following a delay, from ~US$50 prior to the listing to ~ US$200 after. We conclude that the CITES Appendix II listing of Chinese hwamei has had some positive effect on reducing the volumes of these birds in international trade, mainly through implementation of domestic legislation in China, but that substantial illegal or undocumented trade persists in Southeast Asia, involving organised criminal networks.We recommend actions from range countries, such as China, to cease the illegal export of Chinese hwamei, from importing countries such as Indonesia, to ensure no illegal shipments of birds enter their country, and for consumer countries where the species cannot legally be traded to curb the illegal domestic trade as the demand for songbirds in these markets drives the trafficking.
Keywords: Anthropogenic allee effect | China | Indonesia | Illegal wildlife trade | Organised crime | Overexploitation | songbird | Wildlife trafficking
مقاله انگلیسی
2 Multilevel determinants of collaboration between organised criminal groups
عوامل تعیین کننده های چند سطحی از همکاری بین گروه های سازمان یافته جنایی-2020
Collaboration between members of different criminal groups is an important feature of crime that is considered organised, as it allows criminals to access resources and skills in order to exploit illicit economic opportunities. Collaboration across criminal groups is also difficult and risky due to the lack of institutions supporting peaceful cooperation in illicit markets. Thus cross-group collaboration has been thought to take place mostly among small and transient groups. This paper determines whether and under what conditions members of different, larger organised crime groups collaborate with one another. To do so we use intelligence data from the Canadian province of Alberta, centering on criminals and criminal groups engaged in multiple crime types in multiple geographic locations. We apply a multilevel network analytical framework and exponential random graph models using Bayesian techniques to uncover the determinants of cross-group criminal collaboration. We find cross-group collaboration depends not only on co-location, but also on the types of groups to which the criminals are affiliated, and on illicit market overlap between groups. When groups are operating in the same geographically- situated illicit markets their members tend not to collaborate with one another, providing evidence for the difficulty or undesirability of cross-group collaboration in illicit markets. Conversely, members of Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs are more likely to collaborate across groups when markets overlap, suggesting the superior capacity and motivation of biker gangs to coordinate criminal activity. Our paper contributes to the understanding of criminal networks as complex, emergent, and spatially embedded market phenomena.
Keywords: Illegal drugs | Multilevel networks | Exponential Random Graph Models | Illegal markets | Criminal groups
مقاله انگلیسی
3 Introduction and overview: Transnational organised fisheries crime
مقدمه و مرور: جرم سازمان یافته بین المللی شیلات-2019
This article sets the scene for the contributions in this Special Issue on Transnational Organised Fisheries Crime. It does so by providing insight into the myriad of complex criminal problems currently facing the global fisheries industry and introducing the fisheries crime concept alongside some of the other key legal concepts relevant to seeking solutions to these challenges. The article introduces the core topics under discussion in the subsequent articles and provides a glimpse into some of the solutions proffered to the challenges of fisheries crime, including from a law enforcement perspective. The articles in this Special Issue contribute to the growing pool of academic writing in the field of fisheries crime.
Keywords: Fisheries crime | Organised crime | Law enforcement
مقاله انگلیسی
4 Fisheries crime, human rights and small-scale fisheries in South Africa: A case of bigger fish to fry
جرم ماهیگیری ، حقوق بشر و ماهیگیری در مقیاس کوچک در آفریقای جنوبی: مورد ماهی بزرگتر برای سرخ کردن-2019
Marine fisheries plays an important role in ensuring food security and providing livelihoods in South Africa, as in many other developing coastal States. Transnational fisheries crime seriously undermines these goals. Drawing on empirical research this contribution highlights the complexity of law enforcement at the interface between low-level poaching and organised crime in the small-scale fisheries sector with reference to a South African case study. Specifically, this article examines the relationship between a fisheries-crime law enforcement approach and the envisaged management approach of the South African Small-Scale Fisheries Policy
Keywords: Fisheries crime | South Africa | Small-scale fisheries policy | Human rights
مقاله انگلیسی
5 Legal and practical challenges around restitution, secrecy and asset recovery in transnational fisheries crime: A case study of United States v Bengis, 2013
چالش های حقوقی و عملی پیرامون احیا ، رازداری و بازیابی دارایی در جرم شیلات فراملی: مطالعه موردی ایالات متحده و بنگیس ، 2013-2019
This article explores lack of transparency associated with secrecy-related corporate mechanisms employed in the marine fisheries sector by organised crime networks in an effort to avoid detection and, ultimately, successful prosecution. It does so against the backdrop of the infamous USA/ South African Bengis case, which provides a vivid illustration of some of the complexities associated with combating transnational fisheries crime. In particular the paper describes secrecy-related and other obfuscation tactics to avoid of asset recovery in the final restitution phase of the protracted court case.
مقاله انگلیسی
6 The development of the fisheries crime concept and processes to address it in the international arena
توسعه مفهوم جرم و جنایت ماهیگیری و فرآیندهای رسیدگی به آن در عرصه بین المللی-2019
This article traces the emergence of the ‘fisheries crime’ concept from its national Nordic roots through its introduction to, and subsequent acceptance within, the international political arena. The centrality of the associated law enforcement approach is underscored and key international processes aimed at addressing transnational organised crime in the international fishing sector are discussed. The importance of cooperation both domestically, amongst relevant government agencies, and across borders, at a region and global level, in this regard is highlighted.
Keywords: Fisheries crime | Norway | Law enforcement
مقاله انگلیسی
7 Constructing the mafia concept on the bench: The legal battles in the ‘Mafia Capitale’ case in Rome
ساخت مفهوم مافیایی روی نیمکت: نبردهای حقوقی در پرونده "مافیای پایتخت" در رم-2019
The Italian Antimafia Operation ‘Mondo di Mezzo’ (the World in Between) has presented the group called “Mafia Capitale” as a mafia-type group born and bred in Rome, with its own mandate and reach into public administration and politics. A maxi-trial established that the corruptive method employed by associates of Mafia Capitale, together with the entrepreneurial nature of the group, were enough to qualify the group as a mafia-type criminal association within the scope of article 416-bis of the Italian Penal Code. Starting from considerations on legal constructivism, this paper compares juridical documents by the Antimafia Prosecutors and the first degree Tribunal to explore the diversity of their legal arguments. The paper will argue that considering systemic corruption as strategy of intimidation and manifestation of mafia power in contemporary days is imperative to evolve the concept of mafia itself.
Keywords: Mafia | Organised crime | Legal constructivism | Italy
مقاله انگلیسی
8 Pervasive social networking forensics_ Intelligence and evidence from mobile device extracts
اطلاعات جغرافیایی پزشکی قانونی شبکه های اجتماعی فراگیر : اطلاعات و شواهد از عصاره دستگاه های سیار-2017
In pervasive social networking forensics, mobile devices (e.g. mobile phones) are a typical source of evidence. For example, figures from an Australian law enforcement agency show the number of mobile phones submitted for analysis increasing at an average of 60% per annum since 2006, and data from FBI regional computer forensics laboratory showing an increase of 67% per annum for mobile phone examinations. When coupled with the growth in capacity of memory card and device storage, which doubles approximately every 15 months, there is an ongoing and increasing growth in the volume of data available for evidence and intelligence analysis. There is a potential for information relevant to a range of crimes within the extracted data, such as terrorism and organised crime investigations, with potential cross-device and cross-case linkages. In this paper, we propose the Digital Forensic Intelligence Analysis Cycle (DFIAC). Using mobile device extracts from an Australian law enforcement agency, we demonstrate the utility of DFIAC in locating information across an increasing volume of forensically extracted data from mobile devices, and a greater understanding of the developing trends in relation to mobile device forensic analysis.
Keywords: Digital forensic intelligence analysis cycle | Forensic intelligence analysis | Mobile device forensic extracts | Pervasive social networking forensics Social communication forensics | Social networking app forensics | Big forensic data
مقاله انگلیسی
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