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نتیجه جستجو - Pessimism

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 4
ردیف عنوان نوع
1 A systematic review of technologies and solutions to improve security and privacy protection of citizens in the smart city
بررسی سیستماتیک فناوری ها و راه حل ها برای بهبود امنیت و حفاظت از حریم خصوصی شهروندان در شهر هوشمند-2022
The development of smart cities through digital communications has improved citizens’ quality of life and well-being. In these cities, IoT technology generates vast amounts of data at any given time, which is analyzed to provide services to citizens. In the proper implementation of these cities, a critical challenge is the violation of citizens’ privacy and security, which leads to a lack of trust and pessimism toward the services of the smart city. To ensure citizens’ participation, smart city developers should adequately protect their security and privacy from gaining their trust. If citizens don’t want to participate, the main benefits of a smart city will be lost. This article presents a comprehensive review of smart city security issues and privacy. It provides a basis for categorizing current and future developments in this area and developing a thematic classifica- tion to highlight the requirements and security strategies for designing a smart and safe city. The paper identifies current security and privacy solutions and describes open research challenges and issues. An output of this study is a systematic map of literature on the subject that identifies critical concepts, evidence, challenges, solutions, and gaps. It summarizes the findings into a body of evidence that has previously been heterogeneous and complex.
keywords: مرور سیستماتیک توصیفی | شهر هوشمند | اینترنت اشیا | حریم خصوصی | امنیت | Descriptive systematic review | Smart city | IoT | Privacy | Security
مقاله انگلیسی
2 Public law enforcement under ambiguity
اجرای قانون عمومی در هاله ای از ابهام-2020
In real life situations, potential offenders may only have a vague idea of their own probability of getting caught and possibly, convicted. As they have beliefs regarding this probability, they may exhibit optimism or pessimism. Thus there exists a discrepancy between the objective expected fine and the subjective expected fine. In this context, we investigate how the fact that the choice whether or not to commit an harmful act is framed as a decision under ambiguity can modify the standard Beckerian results regarding the optimal fine and the optimal resources that should be invested in detection and conviction.
Keywords: Deterrence | Pessimism | Optimism | Ambiguity
مقاله انگلیسی
3 Firms’ rational expectations, workers’ psychology, and monetary policy in a behavioral real business cycle model
انتظارات منطقی شرکت ها : روانشناسی کارگران و رفتار سیاست های پولی دریک مدل چرخه تجارت واقعی-2017
This paper is based on cognitive psychology’s view of ‘‘curvilinear’’ optimism–pessimism and hence, contains a flavor of behavioral macroeconomics. The substructure of a real overlapping-generations business cycle model is assumed to be underlined by the long-term character of firms’ rational expectations. This model is combined with the workers’ ‘‘bell-shaped’’ optimism–pessimism about a fractional-reserve-banking economy. An exogenous shock will be propagated through this workers’ psychology. Policy-wise, the public sector is ignored and the only purpose of the monetary authority is to secure the efficiency of intergenerational income distribution in a business environment with zero full-employment general-equilibrium profit. Within this context, monetary policy is found to be in the spirit of the Old Chicago quantity theory in that monetary expansion is anti recessionary, and the increase of the reserve ratio is shown to be anti-inflationary. It is a viewpoint with Chartalist flavor.
Keywords: Curvilinear mood | Economic activity | Monetary expansion | Old Chicago quantity theory | Chartalism
مقاله انگلیسی
4 Optimism and pessimism in the general population: Psychometric properties of the Life Orientation Test (LOT-R)
خوش بینی و بدبینی در جمعیت عمومی : خواص ازمون روان سنجی از گرایش زندگی (LOT-R)-2017
Background/Objective: The Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) is often used to assess dispositional optimism. The aims of this study were to test psychometric properties of the LOT-R, to provide normative scores, and to test the association between optimism and several psychological, sociodemographic, and behavioral factors. Method: A randomly selected German general population community sample with an age range of 18-80 years (N = 9,711) was surveyed. Results: The Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) proved two (correlated) factors: Optimism and Pessimism. Invariance tests across gender and age groups confirmed metric invariance. There were only small gender differences in the LOT-R total score (M = 16.4 for females and M = 16.1 for males). The correlation between the subscales Optimism and Pessimism was strong for young and well educated people. Low optimism mean scores were observed for unemployed people, people with low income, smokers, and obese people. Normative scores of the LOTR are provided. Conclusions: The study confirmed the bidimensional structure of the LOT-R and invariance across age and gender. We can recommend using this instrument for measuring dispositional optimism and pessimism in epidemiological research and clinical practice.
KEYWORDS : Optimism | Pessimism | Factor structure | Measurement | invariance | Descriptive survey | study
مقاله انگلیسی
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