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A systematic review of technologies and solutions to improve security and privacy protection of citizens in the smart city
بررسی سیستماتیک فناوری ها و راه حل ها برای بهبود امنیت و حفاظت از حریم خصوصی شهروندان در شهر هوشمند-2022 The development of smart cities through digital communications has improved citizens’ quality of
life and well-being. In these cities, IoT technology generates vast amounts of data at any given
time, which is analyzed to provide services to citizens. In the proper implementation of these
cities, a critical challenge is the violation of citizens’ privacy and security, which leads to a lack of
trust and pessimism toward the services of the smart city. To ensure citizens’ participation, smart
city developers should adequately protect their security and privacy from gaining their trust. If
citizens don’t want to participate, the main benefits of a smart city will be lost. This article
presents a comprehensive review of smart city security issues and privacy. It provides a basis for
categorizing current and future developments in this area and developing a thematic classifica-
tion to highlight the requirements and security strategies for designing a smart and safe city. The
paper identifies current security and privacy solutions and describes open research challenges and
issues. An output of this study is a systematic map of literature on the subject that identifies
critical concepts, evidence, challenges, solutions, and gaps. It summarizes the findings into a body
of evidence that has previously been heterogeneous and complex. keywords: مرور سیستماتیک توصیفی | شهر هوشمند | اینترنت اشیا | حریم خصوصی | امنیت | Descriptive systematic review | Smart city | IoT | Privacy | Security |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Public law enforcement under ambiguity
اجرای قانون عمومی در هاله ای از ابهام-2020 In real life situations, potential offenders may only have a vague idea of their own probability of getting
caught and possibly, convicted. As they have beliefs regarding this probability, they may exhibit optimism
or pessimism. Thus there exists a discrepancy between the objective expected fine and the subjective
expected fine. In this context, we investigate how the fact that the choice whether or not to commit an
harmful act is framed as a decision under ambiguity can modify the standard Beckerian results regarding
the optimal fine and the optimal resources that should be invested in detection and conviction.
Keywords: Deterrence | Pessimism | Optimism | Ambiguity |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Firms’ rational expectations, workers’ psychology, and monetary policy in a behavioral real business cycle model
انتظارات منطقی شرکت ها : روانشناسی کارگران و رفتار سیاست های پولی دریک مدل چرخه تجارت واقعی-2017 This paper is based on cognitive psychology’s view of ‘‘curvilinear’’ optimism–pessimism
and hence, contains a flavor of behavioral macroeconomics. The substructure of a
real overlapping-generations business cycle model is assumed to be underlined by the
long-term character of firms’ rational expectations. This model is combined with the
workers’ ‘‘bell-shaped’’ optimism–pessimism about a fractional-reserve-banking economy.
An exogenous shock will be propagated through this workers’ psychology. Policy-wise, the
public sector is ignored and the only purpose of the monetary authority is to secure the
efficiency of intergenerational income distribution in a business environment with zero
full-employment general-equilibrium profit. Within this context, monetary policy is found
to be in the spirit of the Old Chicago quantity theory in that monetary expansion is anti
recessionary, and the increase of the reserve ratio is shown to be anti-inflationary. It is a
viewpoint with Chartalist flavor.
Keywords: Curvilinear mood | Economic activity | Monetary expansion | Old Chicago quantity theory | Chartalism |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Optimism and pessimism in the general population: Psychometric properties of the Life Orientation Test (LOT-R)
خوش بینی و بدبینی در جمعیت عمومی : خواص ازمون روان سنجی از گرایش زندگی (LOT-R)-2017 Background/Objective: The Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) is often used to
assess dispositional optimism. The aims of this study were to test psychometric properties of the
LOT-R, to provide normative scores, and to test the association between optimism and several
psychological, sociodemographic, and behavioral factors. Method: A randomly selected German
general population community sample with an age range of 18-80 years (N = 9,711) was surveyed.
Results: The Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) proved two (correlated) factors: Optimism and
Pessimism. Invariance tests across gender and age groups confirmed metric invariance. There
were only small gender differences in the LOT-R total score (M = 16.4 for females and M = 16.1
for males). The correlation between the subscales Optimism and Pessimism was strong for
young and well educated people. Low optimism mean scores were observed for unemployed
people, people with low income, smokers, and obese people. Normative scores of the LOTR are provided. Conclusions: The study confirmed the bidimensional structure of the LOT-R
and invariance across age and gender. We can recommend using this instrument for measuring
dispositional optimism and pessimism in epidemiological research and clinical practice.
KEYWORDS : Optimism | Pessimism | Factor structure | Measurement | invariance | Descriptive survey | study |
مقاله انگلیسی |