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نتیجه جستجو - Plastic

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 95
ردیف عنوان نوع
1 Towards automatic waste containers management in cities via computer vision: containers localization and geo-positioning in city maps
به سمت مدیریت خودکار ظروف زباله در شهرها از طریق بینایی کامپیوتری: محلی سازی ظروف و موقعیت جغرافیایی در نقشه های شهر-2022
This paper describes the scientific achievements of a collaboration between a research group and the waste management division of a company. While these results might be the basis for several practical or commercial developments, we here focus on a novel scientific contribution: a methodology to automatically generate geo- located waste container maps. It is based on the use of Computer Vision algorithms to detect waste containers and identify their geographic location and dimensions. Algorithms analyze a video sequence and provide an automatic discrimination between images with and without containers. More precisely, two state-of-the-art object detectors based on deep learning techniques have been selected for testing, according to their perfor- mance and to their adaptability to an on-board real-time environment: EfficientDet and YOLOv5. Experimental results indicate that the proposed visual model for waste container detection is able to effectively operate with consistent performance disregarding the container type (organic waste, plastic, glass and paper recycling,…) and the city layout, which has been assessed by evaluating it on eleven different Spanish cities that vary in terms of size, climate, urban layout and containers’ appearance.
keywords: Waste container localization | Deep Learning | Computer Vision | Object detection
مقاله انگلیسی
2 Microplastic abundance quantification via a computer-vision-based chemometrics-assisted approach
تعیین میزان فراوانی میکروپلاستیک از طریق رویکرد شیمی درمانی مبتنی بر بینایی ماشین-2021
Microplastic (MP) contamination is a topic of growing global concern; these particles are ubiquitous in environmental ecosystems and have been found in aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric mediums. However, the protocols to quantify MPs in environmental samples have limitations and may lead to overestimation and/or underestimation of the plastic debris. Therefore, the aim of this research was to develop a simple procedure to determine the abundance of MPs using digital image processing and chemometric treatment. The proposed method combined computer-vision-based and multivariate calibration by partial least squares coupled with in- terval selection (iPLS and successive algorithm projection - iSPA). The abundance ranges of the yellow, blue, black, colourless, green, and red MPs were 1–212, 7–134, 0–50, 6–290, 0–113, and 20–392, respectively. When the models were applied to an independent set of samples, the following RMSEP values were found: 9.8 (yellow),6.4 (blue), 3.5 (black), 8.1 (colourless), 7.5 (green), and 19.3 (red). The results showed that image processing has the potential to quantify MPs with respect their colour. This method could help to reduce time-consuming and to avoid subjectivity in future analyses.
Keywords: Image processing | Colour histogram | Multivariate calibration | Microplastic contamination
مقاله انگلیسی
3 Reimagining the milk supply chain: Reusable vessels for bulk delivery
Reimagining زنجیره تامین شیر: ظروف قابل استفاده مجدد برای تحویل به صورت عمده-2021
Milk packaging has been analysed multiple times in pursuit of finding the most appropriate vessel from an environmental point of view. Research has concentrated on commercially available containers of 0.5 –2.5 litres, usually made from High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), paper- based cartons, or glass, with some studies considering a reuse scheme for glass bottles. Whilst applicable for household delivery, such a reuse scheme is not practical for delivery to cafés where large volumes of milk are used every day; little information is known about transportation of bulk volumes of milk in bigger vessels such as steel churns. This study compares a proposed milk supply chain using a mix of reusable stainless steel churns and reusable glass bottles with the current supply chain that uses single- use HDPE bottles, for transportation of milk to 10 cafés belonging to The University of Sheffield. A cradle- to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) is conducted using data obtained from the university and Our Cow Molly, a local dairy farm which delivers milk to the university. Sensitivity analysis was performed around the recycling rate of plastic bottles, water consumption for churn cleaning, the reuse rate of glass bottles and churns and the source of the on-farm electricity. The study suggests that the greenhouse gas emission can be lowered by approx. 6.5 tons of CO2 equivalent annually if the reuse scheme is applied (this equates to a 65% reduction for the processes analysed). Considerable savings are also reported in cate- gories such as water consumption, fossil resources depletion and cumulative energy demand. The reuse scheme is, however, likely to induce a similar or higher mineral resource use and higher environmental damage in the marine eutrophication category due to water treatment. Production of plastic bottles in the plastic scenario and maintenance and transport on the reusable side are the main contributors to the environmental impact. Further improvements in the reuse scenario could be achieved by reducing the amount of water used for cleaning and hence the electricity demand for water heating. The reuse scheme could also benefit environmentally from using an electric refrigerated van instead of a diesel vehicle.© 2021 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Life cycle assessment | Milk | Reuse | Plastic | Impact assessment | Carbon footprint
مقاله انگلیسی
4 An improved evaporation quantification method: Accounting for soil deformability and side evaporation effect
یک روش اندازه گیری تبخیر بهبود یافته: حسابداری برای تغییر شکل پذیری خاک و اثر تبخیر جانبی-2021
Several methods quantify soil evaporation by measuring vertical moisture flux or by recording change in mass of a soil specimen. These methods conventionally consider a non-deformable soil behaviour. However, shrinkage is the mechanical consequence of a plastic soil to evaporation reducing the area over which evaporation can occur. For this reason, it is imperative to take into account the gradual densification of the soil sample during evap- oration in order to minimize possible measurement errors originating from the way, how the physical conditions are simulated. To address this challenge, an improved method proposed in this paper takes into account two aspects of soil deformation, which together have an influence on the total evaporation: (1) the reduced top soil surface due to radial shrinkage and (2) additional evaporation from the exposed side soil surface when the sample detaches from the sample holder. Four experiments with kaolin have been conducted in the laboratory to explore the effect of these two aspects through the proposed methodology. In the tests conducted, considering the changes in the area of the top soil surface and avoiding the additional evaporation from the exposed side surface significantly improved the accuracy of evaporation quantification by 25%.
keywords: تبخیر خاک | انقباض | تست خاک | Soil evaporation | Shrinkage | Soil testing
مقاله انگلیسی
5 Trade reforms and current account imbalances
اصلاحات تجاری و عدم تعادل حساب جاری-2021
Several methods quantify soil evaporation by measuring vertical moisture flux or by recording change in mass of a soil specimen. These methods conventionally consider a non-deformable soil behaviour. However, shrinkage is the mechanical consequence of a plastic soil to evaporation reducing the area over which evaporation can occur. For this reason, it is imperative to take into account the gradual densification of the soil sample during evaporation in order to minimize possible measurement errors originating from the way, how the physical conditions are simulated. To address this challenge, an improved method proposed in this paper takes into account two aspects of soil deformation, which together have an influence on the total evaporation: (1) the reduced top soil surface due to radial shrinkage and (2) additional evaporation from the exposed side soil surface when the sample detaches from the sample holder. Four experiments with kaolin have been conducted in the laboratory to explore the effect of these two aspects through the proposed methodology. In the tests conducted, considering the changes in the area of the top soil surface and avoiding the additional evaporation from the exposed side surface significantly improved the accuracy of evaporation quantification by 25%.
keywords: حساب جاری | آزاد سازی تجارت | Current account | Trade liberalization
مقاله انگلیسی
6 Coupled elasto-viscoplastic and damage model accounting for plastic anisotropy and damage evolution dependent on loading conditions
الاستو ویسکوپلاستیک همراه و مدل آسیب محاسبه ناهمسانگردی پلاستیک و تکامل آسیب وابسته به شرایط بارگذاری-2021
This work presents an unconventional fully coupled elasto-viscoplastic and damage constitutive model that is suitable for investigating the failure mechanism of metallic materials. The constitutive equations are developed within a finite elastoplasticity framework under the assumption of hypoelastic-based plasticity. Anisotropic plastic potential and plastic-induced anisotropy are modelled by means of the Hill48 yield criterion and a Chaboche-type non-linear kinematic hardening law, respectively. A modified Voce-type law is assumed for the isotropic hardening behaviour. A novel law is proposed to account for an evolution of the damage depending on the loading directions. The proposed model was implemented via user subroutine for the commercial finite elements (FE) software Abaqus/Standard and used for the prediction of the cyclic failure of lead-free solder materials, the crack formation in anisotropic AISI 316L steel specimens and the description of the failure behaviour of carbon steel notched round bars and flat grooved plates.
Keywords: Rate-dependent plasticity | Damage anisotropic evolution | Plastic anisotropy | Kinetic logarithmic spin | Hypoelastic-based plasticity
مقاله انگلیسی
7 Revised notched coating adhesion test to account for plasticity and 3D behaviour
تست چسبندگی پوشش بریدگی اصلاح شده برای محاسبه انعطاف پذیری و رفتار سه بعدی-2021
Specialized polyamide-imide coating on a CuSn10Pb10 substrate, a material combination utilized often in modern bearing applications, is fabricated using the solvent casting method. The coating adhesion is studied using the well-known notched coating adhesion (NCA) test. Conventionally, the critical strain required to cause the debond propagation is determined by visual observation and indirectly linked to measured strain data to calculate fracture toughness. Here, digital image correlation (DIC) is used to systemically study the coating deformations during testing that enables quantitative determination of the instantaneous debond length. With the introduced method, the critical strain to induce the debond of the coating and the propagation of the debond can be determined for non-elastically behaving specimens reliably. The coating’s debond onset is studied with virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) here. The method can take 3D effects into account in detail and provides a sophisticated method to determine the critical energy release rate. Additionally, cohesive zone modelling (CZM) is used to simulate debond progression. Nonlinear stress–strain responses are observed taking place both with the coating and the substrate materials. The results emphasize that the coating plasticity has a remarkable role in the test behaviour which needs to be taken into account in the revised analysis.
Keywords: Notched coating adhesion | Fracture toughness | Digital image correlation | Polyamide-imide | Virtual crack closure technique | Cohesive zone model
مقاله انگلیسی
8 Short-term physiological and biometrical responses of Lepidium sativum seedlings exposed to PET-made microplastics and acid rain
پاسخهای فیزیولوژیکی و بیومتریک کوتاه مدت نهال های Lepidium sativum در معرض میکروپلاستیک های ساخته شده از PET و باران اسیدی-2021
Plastics enter in terrestrial natural system primarily by agricultural purposes, while acid rain is the result of anthropogenic activities. The synergistic effects of microplastics and acid rain on plant growth are not known. In this study, different sizes of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and acid rain are tested on Lepidium sativum, in two separate experimental sets. In the first one we treated plants only with PET, in the second one we used PET and acid rain together. In both experimentations we analyzed: i) plant biometrical parameters (shoot height, leaf number, percentage inhibition of seed germination, fresh biomass), and ii) oxidative stress responses (hydrogen peroxide; ascorbic acid and glutathione). Results carried out from our experiments highlighted that different sizes of polyethylene terephthalate are able to affect plant growth and physiological responses, with or without acid rain supplied during acute toxicity (6 days).Short description: This study showed that different sizes of PET microplastics affect physiological and biometrical responses of Lepidum sativum seedlings, with or without acid rain; roots and leaves responded differently.
Keywords: Polyethylene terephthalate | Acid rain | Oxidative stress | Biometrical response | Lepidium sativum
مقاله انگلیسی
9 Vision is required for the formation of binocular neurons prior to the classical critical period
بینایی برای تشکیل نورونهای دو چشمی قبل از دوره بحرانی کلاسیک لازم است-2021
Depth perception emerges from the development of binocular neurons in primary visual cortex. Vision is required for these neurons to acquire their mature responses to visual stimuli. The prevailing view is that vision does not influence binocular circuitry until the onset of the critical period, about a week after eye opening, and that plasticity of visual responses is triggered by increased inhibition. Here, we show that vision is required to form binocular neurons and to improve binocular tuning and matching from eye opening until critical period closure. Enhancing inhibition does not accelerate this process. Vision soon after eye opening improves the tuning properties of binocular neurons by strengthening and sharpening ipsilateral eye cortical responses. This progressively changes the population of neurons in the binocular pool, and this plasticity is sensitive to interocular differences prior to critical period onset. Thus, vision establishes binocular circuitry and guides binocular plasticity from eye opening.
مقاله انگلیسی
10 Prediction of perforation into concrete accounting for saturation ratio influence at high confinement
پیش بینی سوراخ شدن در بتن برای تأثیر نسبت اشباع در محصور شدن بالا-2021
This paper provides both an analytical and a finite element models aiming at better predicting possible perfo- ration of reinforced concrete slabs submitted to impacts. Both models account for free water saturation ratio and high triaxial stress induced into concrete by the impact. Finite element simulations are performed with Abaqus explicit code using a revised constitutive model for concrete; this coupled damage plasticity model (PRM) ac- counts for strain rate effects and the influence of saturation ratio on the triaxial behavior. Complementary original analytical predictions of ballistic limit and residual velocities are provided for both hard and soft im- pacts. These predictions depend on a recent deviatoric stress-based formulation of compressive strength of concrete. Numerical and analytical results are consistent with bending and punching experimental tests.
keywords: اثرات نرم و سخت | سرعت باقی مانده | بتن آرمه | ظرفیت سوراخ کردن | نسبت اشباع | Soft and hard impacts | Residual velocity | Reinforced concrete | Perforation capacity | Saturation ratio
مقاله انگلیسی
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