با سلام خدمت کاربران در صورتی که با خطای سیستم پرداخت بانکی مواجه شدید از طریق کارت به کارت (6037997535328901 بانک ملی ناصر خنجری ) مقاله خود را دریافت کنید (تا مشکل رفع گردد).
ردیف | عنوان | نوع |
---|---|---|
11 |
Measuring hot spots policing in non-research settings
اندازه گیری پلیس نقاط داغ در محیط های غیر پژوهشی-2020 Hot spots policing has become a robust evidence-based strategy to address the problem of crime in U.S. cities. Today, a growing number of police departments report that they use hot spots policing to some extent in their daily operations. However, to our knowledge, only one study has been conducted to determine whether police departments have implement the strategy effectively. In our study, we used crime and stop-question-and-frisk (SQF) data from the New York Police Department (NYPD) and an innovative analytical strategy to assess (1) whether the NYPD makes significant use of hot spots policing, and (2) if yes, how much hot spots policing the department performs. Our findings showed that the NYPD uses hot spots policing in about 40%– 45% of its violent crime hot spots. The implications of the study are discussed. Keywords: Hot spots | Hot spots policing | Violent crime | Stop-frisk-and-question |
مقاله انگلیسی |
12 |
Exploring the voluntary response to cyber-fraud: From vigilantism to responsibilisation
بررسی پاسخ داوطلبانه به کلاهبرداری سایبری: از هوشیاری تا مسئولیت پذیری-2020 Online crimes such as frauds have grown substantially in volume over the last 20 years, with the associated changes in technology such as the internet and use of email. The state response through the police has lagged in many countries with law enforcement often struggling to cope with the volume and new challenges of such crimes. Private policing has traditionally filled the gap through commercial forms where clients are willing to pay through to voluntary actions such as vigilantism. Cybercrime has not escaped such outcomes with a growing voluntary sector responding to such crimes. In doing so there have been a wide range of such responses ranging from vigilantism through to state supported initiatives. This paper seeks to chart this voluntary response and in doing so conceptualizes it through three waves of voluntarism. Keywords: Cybercrime | Fraud | Voluntary policing | Vigilantism | Volunteerism | Scams |
مقاله انگلیسی |
13 |
Exploring the effects of various types of stressors on the physical and mental health symptoms of police officers in South Korea
بررسی اثرات انواع مختلف عوامل استرس زا بر علائم سلامت جسمی و روانی افسران پلیس در کره جنوبی-2020 This study compared the stress levels and physical and mental health symptoms of patrol officers and emergency dispatch officers in South Korea. We further explored stressors affecting the physical and mental health of police officers. Survey data were obtained from 254 patrol officers and 177 emergency dispatch officers working in Seoul. The average stress level exerted by the stressors was compared between groups, with consideration given to the characteristics of emergency calls. Logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the effects of the stressors on police officers’ physical and mental health symptoms. Stress related to organizational management had the highest impact on physical and mental health, and differences in the stressors affecting the two group’s physical and mental health were found. The results suggest that strategies reflecting the respective division stressors and characteristics are necessary. Furthermore, police officers’ stress levels must be closely monitored and reduced through stress management programs. Keywords: Police stress | Health | Patrol officer | Emergency dispatch officer | Public management | Policing |
مقاله انگلیسی |
14 |
“The law is the law”: The Malaysian police readiness for the implementation of restorative policing
"قانون قانون است": آمادگی پلیس مالزی برای اجرای پلیس ترمیمی-2020 In Malaysia, restorative justice is a relatively new concept in its criminal justice system and assessing the readiness of police officers in accepting the implementation of restorative justice in the police departments (i.e., restorative policing) is crucial. In this qualitative study, 28 police officers were interviewed regarding their readiness to accept the roles to implement restorative justice through the exploration of three key themes: ownership of crime, police culture, and acceptance of new roles. Our findings indicated that their readiness on the implementation of restorative justice appeared to have patterns which are categorized into cautious, in-the-box, and balanced. The different patterns of readiness provide illumination into implementing restorative policing in Malaysia through the different types of resistance shown. The findings indicate that top-down and bottom-up implementation policies are useful as they can foster shared valued among the police within their departments and the police and the communities. Keywords: Restorative policing | Malaysia | Readiness | Community |
مقاله انگلیسی |
15 |
The economic, social, and environmental impacts of cruise tourism
تاثیرات اجتماعی، اقتصادی و محیطی گردشگری گشت زنی-2018 We use a unique multi-method natural experiment to measure economic, social, and environmental impacts of cruise tourism on a local community. Through the measurement of multidimensional indicators before and after the opening of a cruise ship port, and using control groups, we compare community impacts with greater detail and control than previous studies. Although theory and industry multiplier estimates predict gains in employment, income, and related measures, we find little evidence of improvement. The ability of the local population to provide for necessities and obtain sufficient food worsened, corruption increased, and there were substantial negative environmental impacts. One observed benefit to communities was a decrease in crime due to an increase in government expenditure on policing. Our results show that in low taxation and regulation environments with an absence of community development and involvement initiatives, large cruise tourism projects can fail to provide benefits for local populations.
keywords: Community impact |Cruise tourism |Latin America |Indigenous peoples |Economic impact |Environmental impact |Social impact |
مقاله انگلیسی |
16 |
Keeping hospitals operating during disasters through crisis communication preparedness
نگه داشتن بیمارستان ها در حین بلایای طبیعی از طریق آمادگی ارتباطی بحران-2018 The public has high expectations that hospitals will provide compassion, care, and extensive
support for both injured and uninjured disaster survivors. In the face of disasters like pandemics
or terrorist attacks, hospital communicators must be prepared to effectively communicate in
ternally, externally, and across organizations. Furthermore, in crisis situations, hospitals must
apply guiding principles of public relations including relationship management and rumor
management. There remains a shortage of literature examining strategic risk and crisis com
munication in healthcare settings, including best practices. We conducted 27 interviews with U.S.
hospital personnel charged with disaster management and/or crisis communication. Key findings
reveal communication challenges not identified in prior research, such as policing the media and
managing up, as well as reinforcing existing generic best practices, such as accepting uncertainty.
Keywords: Crisis ، Communication ، Disaster ، Healthcare ، Hospital |
مقاله انگلیسی |
17 |
Big Data and security policies: Towards a framework for regulating the phases of analytics and use of Big Data
سیاست های داده های بزرگ و امنیت: به چارچوبی برای تنظیم مراحل تجزیه و تحلیل و استفاده از داده های بزرگ-2017 computer law & s e c u r i t y review 33 ( 2 0 1 7 ) 309–323 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2017.03.002 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com www.compseconline.com/publications/prodclaw.htm A B S T R A C T Big Data analytics in national security, law enforcement and the fight against fraud have the potential to reap great benefits for states, citizens and society but require extra safeguards to protect citizens’ fundamental rights. This involves a crucial shift in emphasis from regulating Big Data collection to regulating the phases of analysis and use. In order to benefit from the use of Big Data analytics in the field of security, a framework has to be developed that adds new layers of protection for fundamental rights and safeguards against erroneous and malicious use. Additional regulation is needed at the levels of analysis and use, and the oversight regime is in need of strengthening. At the level of analysis – the algorithmic heart of Big Data processes – a duty of care should be introduced that is part of an internal audit and external review procedure. Big Data projects should also be subject to a sunset clause. At the level of use, profiles and (semi-) automated decision-making should be regulated more tightly. Moreover, the responsibility of the data processing party for accuracy of analysis – and decisions taken on its basis – should be anchored in legislation. The general and security-specific oversight functions should be strengthened in terms of technological expertise, access and resources. The possibilities for judicial review should be expanded to stimulate the development of case law. © 2017 Dennis Broeders, Erik Schrijvers, Bart van der Sloot, Rosamunde van Brakel, Josta de Hoog & Ernst Hirsch Ballin. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords:Big Data | Security | Data protection | Privacy | Regulation | Fraud | Policing | Surveillance | Algorithmic accountability | the Netherlands |
مقاله انگلیسی |
18 |
Poly-drug trafficking: Estimating the scale, trends and harms at the Australian border
جرم قاچاق مواد مخدر های پلی: برآورد مقیاس، روند و مضرات در مرز استرالیا-2016 Background: International drug law enforcement agencies have identified an apparent rise in high level
drug traffickers choosing to deal in multiple different drugs. It is hypothesised that this may be a
‘‘deliberate modus operandi’’ and that the formation of ‘‘portfolios of trades’’ may make such traffickers
more profitable, harmful and resilient to changes in drug supply and policing. In this paper we provide
the first exploration of the extent, nature and harms of poly-drug trafficking at Australian borders.
Methods: Two different methods were used. First, we used Australian Federal Police (AFP) data on all commercial level seizures at the Australian border from 1999 to 2012 to identify the proportion of seizures that were poly-drug and trends over time. Second, we used unit-record data on a sub-set of 20 drug trafficking cases and linked-cases (defined as the original drug trafficking case and all other criminal cases that were connected via common offenders and/or suspects) to compare the profiles of poly-drug and mono-drug traffickers, including: the total weight and type of drug seized, the value of assets seized, and the level of involvement in other crime (such as money laundering and corruption). Results: Between 5% and 35% of commercial importations at the Australian border involved poly-drug trafficking. Poly-drug trafficking occurred in almost every year of analysis (1999–2012), but it increased only slightly over time. Compared to mono-drug traffickers poly-drug traffickers were characterised by: larger quantities of drugs seized, larger networks, longer criminal histories and more involvement in other types of serious crime. Conclusion: Some fears about poly-drug traffickers may have been overstated particularly about the inherent escalation of this form of trafficking. Nevertheless, this suggests poly-drug traffickers are likely to pose added risks to governments and law enforcement than mono-drug traffickers. They may necessitate different types of policy responses. Keywords: Drug trafficking | Poly-drug | Australia |
مقاله انگلیسی |
19 |
Income inequality, drug-related arrests, and the health of people who inject drugs: Reflections on seventeen years of research
نابرابری درآمد، دستگیری مربوط به مواد مخدر، و سلامت افرادی که مواد تزریق می کنند: بازتاب هایی بر هفده سال از تحقیقات-2016 This paper reviews and then discusses selected findings from a seventeen year study about the population
prevalence of people who inject drugs (PWID) and of HIV prevalence and mortality among PWID in 96 large
US metropolitan areas. Unlike most research, this study was conducted with the metropolitan area as the level
of analysis. It found that metropolitan area measures of income inequality and of structural racism predicted all
of these outcomes, and that rates of arrest for heroin and/or cocaine predicted HIV prevalence and mortality
but did not predict changes in PWID population prevalence. Income inequality and measures of structural
racism were associated with hard drug arrests or other properties of policing. These findings, whose limitations
and implications for further research are discussed, suggest that efforts to respond to HIV and to drug injection
should include supra-individual efforts to reduce both income inequality and racism. At a time when major
social movements in many countries are trying to reduce inequality, racism and oppression (including
reforming drug laws), these macro-social issues in public health should be both addressable and a priority in
both research and action.
Keywords: Macro-social | people who inject drugs | HIV | racism | income inequality | drug-related arrests | drug law reform | health |
مقاله انگلیسی |
20 |
Measurement of repeat effects in Chicago’s criminal social network
اندازه گیری تاثیرات تکرار در شبکه های اجتماعی جنایی شیکاگو-2016 The ‘‘near-repeat” effect is a well-known criminological phenomenon
in which the occurrence of a crime incident gives rise to a temporary elevation of
crime risk within close physical proximity to an initial incident. Adopting a social
network perspective, we instead define a near repeat in terms of geodesic distance
within a criminal social network, rather than spatial distance. Specifically, we
report a statistical analysis of repeat effects in arrest data for Chicago during
the years 2003–2012. We divide the arrest data into two sets (violent crimes
and other crimes) and, for each set, we compare the distributions of time
intervals between repeat incidents to theoretical distributions in which repeat
incidents occur only by chance. We first consider the case of the same arrestee
participating in repeat incidents (‘‘exact repeats”) and then extend the analysis
to evaluate repeat risks of those arrestees near one another in the social network.
KEYWORDS: Crime analysis | Social network analysis | Violent crime | Predictive policing |
مقاله انگلیسی |