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1 |
Midwives knowledge of pre-eclampsia management: A scoping review
دانش ماماها از مدیریت پیشکلامپسی: بررسی اسکاپ-2021 Background: Pre-eclampsia is a multi-organ disease affecting pregnant women from the second trimester
onwards resulting in multiple adverse outcomes. Sub-optimal treatment of pre-eclampsia is linked with
unfavorable outcomes. It is critical for midwives as primary providers to be competent in the diagnosis
and management of pre-eclampsia especially in low-and middle-income countries.
Aim: To identify what midwives’ around the world know about pre-eclampsia management. Methods: A scoping review using the JBI three-step search strategy was used to identify relevant research articles and grey literature on the subject. Database searches in PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Databases, Web of Science, and Scopus yielded twenty papers in addition to nine guidelines from Google Scholar. The findings were synthesised using a metasynthesis approach and presented as themes. Findings: Four themes were identified from the extracted data: Foundational knowledge of preeclampsia; Knowledge and management of a woman with pre-eclampsia according to guidelines; Knowledge of being prepared for emergency procedures and management of emergencies; Factors influencing knowledge. The first three themes addressed diagnosis and management whilst the last theme described how contextual factors led to either increased or decreased knowledge of preeclampsia. Conclusion: Worldwide, practicing midwives lack knowledge on several aspects of pre-eclampsia diagnosis and care. Policies on in-service training should be oriented to include innovative nontraditional methods that have the potential to increase midwives’ knowledge. keywords: ماماها | دانش | اطلاع | پیش از اکلامپسی | اختلالات فشار خون بالا بارداری | Midwives | Knowledge | Awareness | Pre-eclampsia | Hypertensive disorders pregnancy |
مقاله انگلیسی |
2 |
Gestational diabetes and fetal growth in twin compared with singleton pregnancies
دیابت بارداری و رشد جنین در دوقلوها در مقایسه با بارداری های تک قلویی-2021 BACKGROUND: Gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with
accelerated fetal growth in singleton pregnancies but may affect twin
pregnancies differently because of the slower growth of twin fetuses
during the third trimester of pregnancy and their greater predisposition to
fetal growth restriction.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the association of gestational diabetes mellitus with longitudinal fetal growth in twin pregnancies and to compare this association with that observed in singleton pregnancies. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study of all women with a singleton or twin pregnancy who were followed up at a single tertiary referral center between January 2011 and April 2020. Data on estimated fetal weight and individual fetal biometric indices were extracted from ultrasound examinations of eligible women. Generalized linear models were used to model and compare the change in fetal weight and individual biometric indices as a function of gestational age between women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus in twin pregnancies and between women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus in singleton pregnancies. The primary outcome was estimated fetal weight as a function of gestational age. The secondary outcomes were longitudinal growth of individual fetal biometric indices and the rate of small for gestational age and large for gestational age at birth. RESULTS: A total of 26,651 women (94,437 ultrasound examinations) were included in the analysis: 1881 with a twin pregnancy and 24,770 with a singleton pregnancy. The rate of gestational diabetes mellitus in the twin and singleton groups was 9.6% (n¼180) and 7.6% (n¼1893), respectively. The estimated fetal weight in singleton pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus was significantly higher than that in pregnancies without gestational diabetes mellitus (P<.001) starting at approximately 30 weeks of gestation. The differences remained similar after adjusting for maternal age, chronic hypertension, nulliparity, and neonatal sex (P<.001). In twin pregnancies, fetal growth was similar between pregnancies with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (P¼.105 and P¼.483 for unadjusted and adjusted models, respectively). The findings were similar to the association of gestational diabetes mellitus with the risk of large for gestational fetuses and the growth of each biometric index. When stratified by type of gestational diabetes mellitus treatment, twin pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus was associated with accelerated fetal growth only in the subgroup of women with medically treated gestational diabetes mellitus (P<.001), which represented 12% (n¼21) of the twin pregnancy group with gestational diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSION: In contrast to singleton pregnancies, twin pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus is less likely to be associated with accelerated fetal growth. This finding has raised the question of whether the diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus and the blood glucose targets in women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus should be individualized for twin pregnancies. Key words: gestational diabetes mellitus | growth | macrosomia | large for gestational age | multifetal pregnancy | twin pregnancy |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Knowledge gaps and perceptions of future research directions on management of diabetes during Ramadan fasting: An online survey of physicians
شکاف های دانش و درک دستورالعمل های تحقیقاتی آینده در مدیریت دیابت در طول روزهداری ماه رمضان: مرور آنلاین پزشکان-2021 Objectives: Current knowledge and research on diabetes and Ramadan form the basis for
evidence-based clinical practice. In this context, we aimed to explore physicians’ perceptions of current knowledge gaps about research fasting (RF), barriers to, and foreseeable
directions for advancement of the field.
Methods: We conducted an online survey of a convenience sample of 260 physicians from 27 countries. The survey questionnaire addressed three main domains: perceived current knowledge gaps and unmet needs in research about RF and diabetes, barriers to the conduct of research, and future directions for furthering the evidence in this field. Results: Majority of respondents (65.7%) were senior physicians in adult endocrinology/diabetes (45.9%) working at tertiary centers (65.2%). The majority (67.3%) reported seeing an average of 20+ patients with diabetes weekly and felt ‘‘very or fairly confident” in managing diabetes during RF (67.7%). The knowledge gaps identified were the management of highrisk patients with diabetes (54.1%), such as renal impairment (59.8%), and pregnancy (61.5%). The main barriers to research were lack of adequate funding to academic centers (75.7%) and lack of interest of institutions in the subject (64.6%). Future efforts should be directed at the conduct of large epidemiological studies (49.5%) or double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trials (48.6%) to address the former gaps. Research findings should be widely disseminated via hands-on workshops (recommended by 70.3% of respondents) or international conferences (61.2%). Conclusions: There is a wide agreement regarding the knowledge gaps in the management of diabetes during RF. Future efforts should focus on addressing these critical deficiencies. keywords: روزه رمضان | ادبیات | دیابت | هیپوگلیسمی | همهگیرشناسی | کتواسیدوز دیابتی | دیدگاه های بیماران | متخصصان مراقبت های بهداشتی | ادراک | بیماران پر خطر | کودکان و نوجوانان | Ramadan fasting | Literature | Diabetes | Hypoglycaemia | Epidemiology | Diabetic ketoacidosis | Patients’ perspectives | Health Care Professionals | perceptions | High-risk patients | Children and adolescents |
مقاله انگلیسی |
4 |
A Prenatal Ultrasound Scanning Approach: One-Touch Technique in Second and Third Trimesters
رویکرد اسکن سونوگرافی قبل از تولد: تکنیک یک لمس در سه ماهه دوم و سوم-2021 This study was aimed at evaluating the performance of the innovative technique Smart Fetus (SF) developed to recognize the planes and obtain the basic biometric measurements of fetuses automatically. This prospective study included 1005 uncomplicated singleton pregnancies undergoing routine examinations. For every
pregnancy, planes, including the transverse section of the thalami, transverse section of the abdomen and longitudinal section of the femur, were acquired, and standard biometric measurements, including biparietal diameter,
head circumference, abdominal circumference and femur length, were obtained using SF and traditional ultrasound technique (TUT). The accuracy, reproducibility and time required for the analysis of SF were compared
with those of TUT. In 998 of 1005 cases (99.30%), SF successfully acquired the sections and made all measurements.
The agreement between the techniques was high for all measurements. The time to obtain sections and measure biometric parameters or solely measure biometric parameters was significantly shorter with SF than with TUT. No
significant differences were found in SF repeated measurements obtained by two independent observers. The SF
technique helped in the acquisition of reliable standard sections and biometric measurements and saved time. It
might serve as a novel ultrasound scanning approach and improve workflow efficiency. (E-mail: lishengli63@126.
com) © 2021 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. All rights reserved.
KeyWords: Artificial intelligence | Biometric measurement | Fetus | Prenatal ultrasonography | Standard plane. |
مقاله انگلیسی |
5 |
اثر پره اکلامپسی و شدت آن بر سطح سرم NGAL مادری و KIM-1 طی بارداری و بعد زایمان
سال انتشار: 2021 - تعداد صفحات فایل pdf انگلیسی: 6 - تعداد صفحات فایل doc فارسی: 17 هدف: هدف از این آزمایش،ارزیابی اثرات پره اکلامپسی و شدت آن بر سطح سرم مادری لیپوکالین مرتبط با ژلاتیناز نوتروفیل ژلاتیناز (NGAL) و (KIM 1) در دوران بارداری و دوره پس از بارداری می باشد.
طراحی مطالعه: ابتدا شرکت کنندگان باردار (156 نفر) به سه گروه کنترل، خفیف،و پره اکلامپسی شدید تقسیم بندی شدند. در مرحله دوم زنان در دوره پس اززایمان (368 نفر) به سه گروه با توجه به سابقه دوران حاملگی، به عنوان کنترل سالم، پره اکلامپسی خفیف و شدید تقسیم بندی شدند. این زنان از طریق سیستم داده های بیمارستان شناسایی و با آنها تماس گرفته شد تا در این تحقیق شرکت کنند. دستاورد: مطالعه ما شامل 147 بیمار بود که 77 نفر از آنها باردار و 70 نفر از آنها پس از بارداری پس از اعمال معیارهای خروج بودند. از نظر سطح NGAL سرم مادر ،افزایش قابل توجهی در گروه پره اکلامپسی شدید در مقایسه با گروه خفیف پره اکلامپسی و گروه های باردار طبیعی وجود دارد(p < 0.001). در دوران بعد زایمان، سطح سرم NGAL مادری در گروه پره اکلامپسی شدید نسبت به افراد با پره اکلامپسی خفیف و گروه کنترل فشار خون بالا به طور قابل توجهی بالاتر بود(p < 0.001). سطح سرم KIM 1 مادری در گروه پره اکلامپسی شدید و خفیف به طور قابل توجهی نسبت به گروه با کنترل فشار خون بالا، بالاتر ارزیابی شده است (p = 0.004). در دوره بعد زایمان، سطح سرم KIM-1 مادری در تمام گروه های بارداری مشابه دیده شد(p = 0.792). نتایج: دستاوردهای ما نشان می دهد که هرچه شدت پره اکلامپسی افزایش یابد، آسیب کلیه، همانطور که با استفاده از سطح NGAL ارزیابی می شود، برای مدت زمان طولانی حتی در دوران پس از بارداری نیز ادامه دارد. © 2020 Elsevier B.V تمام حقوق محفوظ است . کلمات کلیدی: پره اکلامپسی | آسیب کلیوی | نوتروفیل ژلاتیناز وابسته به لیپوکالین | NGAL | مولکول | آسیب کلیوی -1 | KIM-1 |
مقاله ترجمه شده |
6 |
Women with a substance use disorder: Treatment completion, pregnancy, and compulsory treatment
زنان مبتلا به اختلال مصرف مواد: پایان درمان ، بارداری و درمان اجباری-2020 Over the last several decades, research regarding substance use treatment programs has focused on the unique
and differential outcomes of male and female illicit substance users. Research less frequently examines the
unique individual and contextual factors that may influence treatment outcomes. One such population that
merits special consideration is pregnant women, as substance use within this population has deleterious effects
for both the women and their unborn children. The current study employs propensity score matching to determine
if pregnancy and referral source to treatment affect treatment program outcomes. Findings suggest that
pregnant women, compared to similarly situated nonpregnant women, are significantly less likely to complete
substance use treatment; however, pregnant women who were referred to treatment by the criminal justice
system were significantly more likely to complete treatment than those who entered treatment by other referral
sources. Keywords: Substance abuse treatment | Illicit drug use | Pregnant | Treatment episode data |
مقاله انگلیسی |
7 |
Postpartum health disorders in lactating dairy cows and its associations with reproductive responses and pregnancy status after first timed-AI
اختلالات بهداشتی پس از زایمان در گاوهای شیری شیرده و ارتباط آن با پاسخ های تولید مثل و وضعیت بارداری پس از اولین زمانبندی هوش مصنوعی-2020 The objective was to evaluate the association between postpartum health disorders, reproductive responses
and pregnancy status in lactating multiparous cyclic Holstein cows. Cows were retrospectively
categorized as healthy (n ¼ 70) or sick (n ¼ 60) based on postpartum health records and serum metabolites.
Sick cows were further categorized as having metabolic (MET; n ¼ 35), infectious (INF; n ¼ 15), or
both diseases (MET/INF; n ¼ 10). Blood samples were collected on d 7 and 14 after calving to determine
serum concentrations non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), b-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and aspartate
aminotransferase (AST), on d 0 (TAI), 8, 16, 18 and 20 after TAI to determine concentrations of progesterone
(P4; d 0, 8, 16, 18 and 20) and prostaglandin F metabolite (PGFM; d 16, 18 and 20) and interferonstimulated
gene-15 (ISG15; d 16) relative mRNA expression. Cyclicity was determined by transrectal
ultrasonography 30 d postpartum and cows were subjected to a GnRH-based TAI protocol (to classify
cows bearing a visible CL as cyclic). Prediction of pregnancy status on d 16 after TAI was determined by
ISG15 mRNA gene expression relative to b actin and following, pregnancy was diagnosed by transrectal
ultrasonography at 32 and 60 d after TAI. An interaction (P ¼ 0.04) between occurrence of disease and
pregnancy status was detected for the expression of ISG15 in blood, with healthy pregnant healthy cows
having the greatest relative expression of ISG15. Postpartum health disorders were associated with
reduced concentration (P < 0.05) of serum P4 post TAI. However, serum P4 concentrations at TAI were
greater (P ¼ 0.01) in sick cows (0.65 ± 0.09, 0.86 ± 0.13 and 0.75 ± 0.10 ng/mL for MET, INF and MET/INF
cows, respectively) compared with that in healthy cows (0.24 ± 0.10 ng/mL). Serum concentrations of
PGFM after TAI was reduced in healthy cows, regardless of pregnancy status. Pregnancy status on d 16
after TAI predicted by ISG15 mRNA expression and P/AI on d 32 and 60 after TAI based on ultrasonography,
were negatively affected (P < 0.05) by occurrence of health disorders. Similarly, pregnancy loss
from d 16 to 32 and d 16 to 60 after TAI was greater (P < 0.05) in sick cows compared to that in healthy
cows. However, neither P/AI nor pregnancy loss were associated to the category of postpartum health
disorder. Cows affected by postpartum health disorders had overall reduced P4 and greater PGFM serum
concentrations after TAI, which were associated with reduced pregnancy success and enhanced pregnancy
loss. Collectively, our findings support the hypothesis of a carryover effect of disease on reproductive
responses, embryo survival and maintenance of pregnancy in lactating dairy cows independent
of the category of postpartum health disorder. Keywords: Fertility | Maintenance of pregnancy | Embryonic mortality | ISG15 |
مقاله انگلیسی |
8 |
Comparison of the effects of two shortened timed-AI protocols on pregnancy per AI in beef cattle
مقایسه اثرات دو پروتکل کوتاه شده با هوش مصنوعی به هنگام روی بارداری در هوش مصنوعی در گاوهای گوشتی-2020 The objective was to compare pregnancy per AI (P/AI) between two shortened timed-AI (TAI) protocols in
beef cattle. This study also determined whether administration of eCG in heifers and timing of AI in cows
would affect P/AI. Cattle were submitted at random to either a modified 5-d Co-synch protocol (Day
0 ¼ progesterone releasing device (CIDR); Day 5 ¼ CIDR removal and 500 mg of cloprostenol (PGF); Day
8 ¼ 100 mg GnRH concurrent with AI) or J-synch protocol (Day 0 ¼ CIDR insertion and 2mg of estradiol
benzoate i.m.; Day 6 ¼ CIDR removal and 500 mg PGF; Day 9 ¼100 mg GnRH concurrent with AI). In
Experiment 1, 1135 heifers (13e15 mo of age) received an estrus detection patch (Estrotect™) on Day 5
and 579 were selected at random to receive 300 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) at the time of
CIDR removal. Patches were scored from 0 to 3 based on color change between initial application and AI;
0 ¼ unchanged, 1¼ 50% change, 2 ¼ > 50% change, 3 ¼ missing. Estrus was defined to have occurred
when the patch was scored 2 or 3. In Experiment 2, 399 cyclic, non-lactating beef cows from 1 location
were submitted to either the modified 5-d Co-synch or J-synch protocol and within each protocol cows
were TAI at either 66 ±1 (n¼ 199) or 72 ±1 h (n ¼ 200) following CIDR removal. Transrectal ultrasonography
was used in both experiments to determine presence of a corpus luteum (CL) on Day 0, and to
diagnose pregnancy 35 d after TAI. In Experiment 1, eCG increased estrus rate only in heifers without a CL
on day 0 that were submitted to the modified 5-d Co-synch protocol (41.9 vs. 69.6%). Heifers submitted to
the J-synch protocol had greater (P ¼ 0.03) P/AI compared with those in the modified 5-d Co-synch (48.7
vs. 41.1%) and heifers that expressed estrus before AI had increased (P < 0.0001) P/AI compared to those
that did not (53.6 vs. 36.5%). Administration of eCG and presence of a CL tended to affect P/AI (P ¼ 0.13).
In Experiment 2, cows submitted to the J-synch protocol tended (P ¼ 0.07) to have greater P/AI compared
to those in the modified 5-d Co-synch (74.1 vs. 66.5%). There was no association between P/AI and timing
of AI. In summary, the J-synch protocol resulted in greater P/AI than the modified 5-day Co-synch
protocol in heifers and cows. Administration of eCG increased estrus rate in heifers without a CL at
the start of the protocol and tended to improve P/AI in all heifers. Timing of AI (66 vs. 72 h) had no effect
on P/AI in cows subjected to either TAI protocol. Keywords: 5-d Co-Synch | J-synch | Pregnancy per AI | Cyclicity | Estrus detection | eCG |
مقاله انگلیسی |
9 |
Pregnancy rates to fixed-time AI in Bos indicus-influenced beef cows using PGF2a with (Bee Synch I) or without (Bee Synch II) GnRH at the onset of the 5-day CO-Synch þ CIDR protocol
نرخ حاملگی به هوش مصنوعی با زمان ثابت در گاوهای گوشتی تحت تأثیر علامت Bos با استفاده از PGF2a با (Bee Synch I) یا بدون (Bee Synch II) GnRH در آغاز پروتکل 5 روزه CO-Synch þ CIDR-2020 Objectives were to 1) characterize fixed-time AI (FTAI) pregnancy rates using the 5-Day CO-Synch þ CIDR
protocol in mature, suckled Bos indicus-influenced beef cows, 2) compare FTAI pregnancy rates in the
latter to a modified version (5-Day Bee Synch þ CIDR; Bee Synch I) that included treatment with
prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a) at CIDR insertion on Day 0, and 3) test the hypothesis that elimination of both
GnRH-1 at the onset of synchronization and the double dose of PGF on Day 5 (Bee Synch II) would not
reduce FTAI pregnancy rates compared to Bee Synch I. For Experiment 1-trial 1, Brahman x Hereford (F-1)
cows (n ¼ 168) at least 40 d postpartum (PP; r ¼ 40e92 d) at the time of CIDR insertion were administered
the 5-Day CO-Synch þ CIDR protocol with FTAI at 72 h after CIDR removal. Pregnancy rates to
FTAI averaged 34.9 ± 1.9%. In Experiment 1-trial 2, fall- and spring-breeding Brahman x Hereford (F-1)
beef cows (n ¼ 269) were stratified by days PP and assigned randomly to receive either the 5-Day COSynch
þ CIDR (n ¼ 136) or Bee Synch I (n ¼ 133) protocol, with FTAI at 66 h after CIDR removal.
Pregnancy rate to FTAI was greater (P < 0.05) in Bee Synch I (52.6 ± 0.9%) than in the 5-Day COSynch
þ CIDR procedure (40.4 ± 5.7%). For Experiment 2, 422 mature Braford, Brangus, Nelore x
Brahman, and Brahman crossbred cows (Bos indicus proportion unknown) at 4 locations were treated
with Bee Synch I, with FTAI at 66 h. Overall FTAI pregnancy rate averaged 51.7 ± 2.1%. Finally, from 2013
through spring 2018, we used a switchback design using fall- and spring-breeding herds to compare Bee
Synch I (402 observations) to Bee Synch II (393 observations). Overall frequency of detected estrus at 66 h
using ESTROTECT™ breeding indicator patches was 57.2 ± 2.4%, conception rates of those detected in
estrus was 64.4 ± 3.5%, and FTAI pregnancy rates averaged 52.3 ± 2.4%, none of which differed between
treatments. Moreover, pregnancy rates to FTAI in both treatments did not differ in cows synchronized
between 40 and 80 d PP but increased after 80 d PP (P < 0.05). Bee Synch II, which eliminates GnRH-1 and
the double dose of PGF2a on Day 5, results in FTAI pregnancy rates essentially identical to Bee Synch I but
reduces synchronization costs and avoids the need for off-label (double dose PGF2a) drug use. Keywords: 5-Day CO-Synch þ CIDR | Prostaglandin F2a | GnRH | Bos indicus | Bee synch |
مقاله انگلیسی |
10 |
Progesterone-based timed AI protocols for Bos indicus cattle II: Reproductive outcomes of either EB or GnRH-type protocol, using or not GnRH at AI
پروتکل های هوش مصنوعی به موقع مبتنی بر پروژسترون برای Bos indicus II: نتایج تولید مثل پروتکل نوع EB یا GnRH ، استفاده یا عدم استفاده از GnRH در هوش مصنوعی-2020 The aim of these experiments was to study ovarian dynamics and fertility of Bos indicus beef cattle
submitted to 7-d progesterone (P4)-based fixed-time AI (FTAI) protocols using different hormonal
treatments. In Exp. 1, 2 yr old Nelore heifers (n ¼ 973) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments:
EB-0 (estradiol benzoate, EB on D0 and no GnRH at AI), EB-G (EB on D0 and GnRH at AI), G-0 (GnRH on
D0 and no GnRH at AI), or G-G (GnRH on D0 and at AI). On D0, heifers received an intravaginal P4 implant
(0.5 g) for 7 d and EB (1.5 mg) or GnRH (16.8 mg). On D7, the P4 implant was withdrawn and heifers
received cloprostenol (PGF; 0.5 mg) and estradiol cypionate (EC, 0.5 mg). Heifers in G groups also
received PGF and eCG (200 IU) on D6, whereas EB heifers received eCG on D7. At FTAI on D9, only EB-G
and G-G groups received GnRH (8.4 mg). In Exp. 2, Nelore cows (n ¼ 804) received the same treatments
(EB-0, EB-G, G-0, or G-G) using a 1.0 g P4 implant, 2.0 mg EB, and 300 IU eCG. Effects were considered
significant when P 0.05. After treatment on D0, G had more ovulations than EB in heifers (60.3 [287/
476] vs. 12.7% [63/497]) and cows (73.7 [83/112] vs. 24.4% [28/113]). Luteolysis after D0 was greater in EB
than G in heifers (39.2 [159/406] vs. 20.0% [77/385]) and cows (25.5 [14/55] vs. 1.6% [1/64]). Heifers in G
had larger follicles (mm) than EB on D7 (10.3 ± 0.2 vs. 9.2 ± 0.2) and at AI (11.9 ± 0.2 vs. 11.3 ± 0.2). Cows
had larger follicles in G than EB on D7 (11.0 ± 0.3 vs. 9.9 ± 0.3) but not at AI. More estrus was observed in
G than EB for heifers (80.3 [382/476] vs. 69.6% [346/497]) and cows (67.6 [270/400] vs. 56.2% [227/404]).
There was no interaction between D0 and D9 treatments on pregnancy per AI (P/AI) in heifers (EB-0: 56.7
[139/245], EB-G: 53.6 [135/252], G-0: 52.6 [127/241], and G-G: 57.5% [135/235]). However, cows from EBG
had greater P/AI than EB-0 (69.5 [142/204] vs. 60.2% [120/200]), whereas P/AI for G-0 (62.7% [127/203])
was similar to G-G (60.9% [120/197]). In heifers, there was no interaction of GnRH at AI with estrus,
however, cows that did not display estrus had greater P/AI if they received GnRH at AI (GnRH ¼ 59.1 [91/
154] vs. No GnRH ¼ 48.2% [78/162]). Thus, protocols initiated with EB or GnRH for Bos indicus heifers and
cows had differing ovarian dynamics but similar overall fertility, enabling their use in reproductive
management programs. Treatment with GnRH at time of AI increased fertility in some instances in Bos
indicus cows but not in heifers. Keywords: Beef cattle | Estrus | Fertility | GnRH | Ovulation |
مقاله انگلیسی |