با سلام خدمت کاربران در صورتی که با خطای سیستم پرداخت بانکی مواجه شدید از طریق کارت به کارت (6037997535328901 بانک ملی ناصر خنجری ) مقاله خود را دریافت کنید (تا مشکل رفع گردد).
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A different insight in hair analysis: Simultaneous measurement of antipsychotic drugs and metabolites in the protein and melanin fraction of hair from criminal justice patients
بینش متفاوت در تجزیه و تحلیل مو: اندازه گیری همزمان داروهای ضد روان و متابولیت های موجود در پروتئین و ملانین در مو از بیماران عدالت کیفری-2020 Background: Previous studies have postulated that four structural compartments may be differentiated in
hair: surface protein domain, water-accessible protein domain, water-inaccessible protein domain, and
melanin. Drugs contained in blood, sweat, sebum, and environment would be deposited in the
first two domains, with primarily drugs in blood being incorporated in the latter two domains during hair
synthesis. Drugs in the first two domains would be removed by washing procedures. Use of enzymatic
extraction procedures and evaluation of hair for damage from harsh cosmetic treatments might help to
separately identify and quantify the drugs incorporated in the second two domains.
Aims: a) Development of an UPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of the following
19 antipsychotic drugs and metabolites in hair: amisulpride, aripiprazole, chlorpromazine, clotiapine,
clozapine, desmethylclozapine, desmethylolanzapine, haloperidol, norchlorpromazine, 7-OH-quetia-
pine, 9-OH-risperidone, olanzapine, pimozine, pimpamperone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole,
sulpride, and tiapride; b) evaluation of measurement of patient adherence to prescribed medication use,
c) determination of the influence of biochemical individuality effects on hair drug content, d) evaluation
of relative binding of antipsychotic drugs to protein and to melanin hair structures.
Method: Approximately 10 mg of intact hair were decontaminated with isopropanol and phosphate
buffer, and then enzymatically digested overnight with dithiothreitol. After centrifugation, the
supernatant digest (protein fraction) was separated from the remaining melanin hair pellet (melanin
fraction). Melanin fraction was washed with water, and the drugs were extracted with dimethyl sulfoxide
with ball-mill pulverization. Both fractions were purified with solid-phase cation exchange cartridges
and injected in the UHPLC-MS/MS system.
Results and discussion: Validation of the method was carried out on the protein fraction following
international guidelines. The limits of quantification ranged from 1.6–40 pg/mg. The method was applied
to 59 head hair samples from prisoners from an antipsychotic compliance study in the criminal justice
system in US. The patients were under chlorpromazine, haloperidol, risperidone, olanzapine, or
quetiapine multiple antipsychotic treatment, during incarceration. The first head hair centimeter, closest to the scalp, was analyzed. The results were evaluated in relation to the type of hair, colour, hair damage, drug melanin affinity, and prescribed dose. In general, no good correlation between the prescribed dose/ concentration in hair was obtained. A wide range of antipsychotic concentrations were observed ‘dose
mg/day (d); pg/mg protein fraction (A)’: chlorpromazine (d:50-400;A: |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Identifying influential factors distinguishing recidivists among offender patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia via machine learning algorithms
شناسایی عوامل موثر در تشخیص تکرار مجدد در بین بیماران مجرم با تشخیص اسکیزوفرنی از طریق الگوریتم های یادگیری ماشین-2020 Purpose: There is a lack of research on predictors of criminal recidivism of offender patients diagnosed
with schizophrenia.
Methods: 653 potential predictor variables were anlyzed in a set of 344 offender patients with a diagnosis
of schizophrenia (209 reconvicted) using machine learning algorithms. As a novel methodological
approach, null hypothesis significance testing (NHST), backward selection, logistic regression, trees,
support vector machines (SVM), and naive bayes were used for preselecting variables. Subsequently the
variables identified as most influential were used for machine learning algorithm building and
evaluation.
Results: The two final models (with/without imputation) predicted criminal recidivism with an accuracy
of 81.7 % and 70.6 % and a predictive power (area under the curve, AUC) of 0.89 and 0.76 based on the
following predictors: prescription of amisulpride prior to reoffending, suspended sentencing to
imprisonment, legal complaints
filed by relatives/therapists/public authorities, recent legal issues, number of offences leading to forensic treatment, anxiety upon discharge, being single, violence toward care team and constant breaking of rules during treatment, illegal opioid use, middle east as place of
birth, and time span since the last psychiatric inpatient treatment.
Conclusion: Results provide new insight on possible factors influencing persistent offending in a specific
subgroup of patients with a schizophrenic spectrum disorder. Keywords: Criminal justice | Criminal recidivism | Machine learning | Offender | Schizophrenia |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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The link between mental health, crime and violence
پیوند بین سلامت روان ، جرم و خشونت-2020 Research investigating the link between mental health, crime and violence often rely on populations that are at a
high-risk of violent and criminal behaviour, such as prison inmates and psychiatric patients. As a result of this
selection bias, the relationship between mental health, criminal and violent behaviour is significantly overestimated,
with mental health being incorrectly linked with violent and criminal behaviours. This study examines
the relationship between mental health, violence and crime in a more representative community-based
sample. One hundred and twenty-one individuals with and without a mental health disorder reported their
involvement in crime and completed an aggression questionnaire. The results revealed that there is no statistically
significant difference in terms of violence and crime involvement between individuals with a mental health
diagnosis and those without. Moreover, the study did not find any statistically significant associations between
specific mental health disorders and specific crime offences. The findings suggest that certain mental health
disorders do not strongly contribute to crime violence and involvement. Limitations and implications are discussed
in detail. Keywords: Mental health | Crime | Violence | Aggression |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Paying the price: consequences for children’s education in prison in a market society
پرداخت قیمت: عواقب آموزش کودکان در زندان در جامعه بازار-2020 This article explores consequences for children’s education in custodial institutions in a contemporary market
society, England and Wales. It finds that policy decision-making designed to ‘transform’ prison education for
children is primarily influenced by a desire to limit the cost to the public purse of custodial placements. This
paper argues that market values influence decision-making in the youth custody sector and shape the nature and
quality of provision that children are permitted to access. The consequences associated with this include further
fragmentation of prison provision for children, an imbalance in the types of custodial place made available, (with
children disproportionately contained in the cheapest type of provision), geographical discrepancies and persistent
high re-offending rates. The concern with the costs of custody is particularly prominent in a society
subject to ‘austerity’ measures across a wide range of public services, particularly in the criminal justice sector
(Ismail, 2020). However, it is inconsistent with contemporary knowledge and understanding of children in
custody, their needs and their vulnerabilities. The transformation supposedly sought is unlikely to materialize
while annual cost-per-child place is a dominant driving force. Instead, we need to start with an understanding of
what individual support children in prison need in order to be ‘education ready’. Keywords: education | learning | market society | prison | children |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Evaluating the implementation of a prisoner re-entry initiative for individuals with opioid use and mental health disorders: Application of the consolidated framework for implementation research in a cross-system initiative
ارزیابی اجرای ابتکار ورود مجدد زندانی برای افراد دارای مصرف مواد افیونی و اختلالات سلامت روانی: استفاده از چارچوب تلفیقی برای تحقیقات پیاده سازی در یک ابتکار عمل متقابل-2020 Given the interrelated nature of opioid use, criminal justice interaction, and mental health issues, the current
opioid crisis has created an urgent need for treatment, including medication assisted treatment, among justiceinvolved
populations. Implementation research plays an important role in improving systems of care and integration
of evidence-based practices within and outside of criminal justice institutions. The current study is a
formative qualitative evaluation of the implementation of a cross-system (corrections and community-based)
opioid use treatment initiative supported by Opioid State Targeted Response (STR) funding. The purpose of the
study is to assess the fit of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to a cross-system
initiative, and to identify key barriers and facilitators to implementation.
The process evaluation showed that adaptability of the clinical model and staff flexibility were critical to
implementation. Cultural and procedural differences across correctional facilities and community-based treatment
programs required frequent and structured forums for cross-system communication. Challenges related to
recruitment and enrollment, staffing, MAT, and data collection were addressed through the collaborative development
and continuous review of policies and procedures.
This study found CFIR to be a useful framework for understanding implementation uptake and barriers. The
framework was particularly valuable in reinforcing the use of implementation research as a means for continuous
process improvement. CFIR is a comprehensive and flexible framework that may be adopted in future
cross-system evaluations. Keywords: Opioids | Medication assisted treatment | Implementation research | Criminal justice | Co-occurring disorders |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Nursing in the American Justice System
پرستاری در سیستم عدالت آمریکا-2020 Efforts to provide humane care for the mentally ill has led to growth of more suitable services in
community-based settings, yet resources are insufficient to meet the needs of mentally ill who
interface with the criminal justice system. The resulting collateral damage has created a pathway
to prison for massive numbers of impaired individuals, and the inhumane warehousing of
thousands of mentally ill people is reminiscent of a century ago. The criminal justice system was
never intended to be a safety net for the public mental health system. While advances in
expanding the role of the nurse in the healthcare system have shifted because of efforts by
nursing’s response to the 2010 Institute of Medicine report, the challenges for correctional/
custody nursing have not been adequately articulated. This paper seeks to enhance awareness of
Correctional Nursing through a discussion of challenges posed to nurses who work at the
intersection of justice and public health in prisons, jails, detention centers and community
supervision in this response to the Future of Nursing report. |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Trans-incarceration: Reimagining confinement and the criminality of aging
حبس خارج از زندان: تجسم مجدد در زندان و جرم پیری-2020 As the U.S. population continues to age and will require increasing levels of care, scholars continue to question
what conventional methods of “custodial care” and rehabilitation accomplish for the individuals receiving them,
relative to those providing them. To this end, critical discourse surrounding the spatial institutionalization of
older adults argues that formal institutions of care and rehabilitation are simply alternative and synonymous
forms of incarceration and imprisonment.
Using semi-structured interviews with ten male residents of a Rhode Island nursing home and ten incarcerated
males at the Rhode Island state prisons medium security unit, this work explores the following
questions within the existing scholarship of the medical sociology of confinement and incarceration: In what
ways are experiences of confinement alike for older adults living in prisons and for those living in nursing homes,
and what do these similarities/differences imply about aging, disabled, and economically unproductive bodies as
“deviant” and subsequently “criminal” as the traditional definition of the carceral space expands?
Participant responses across the nursing home and prison settings fit into three categories, including “home as
historical/home as negation,” “institution as escape,” and “self as non-human/self as non-agent.” As a result,
there exist thematic consistencies amidst the subjective experiences of older adults across settings of confinement
that argue for a shared “criminality” socially assigned to an aging body. Keywords: Incarceration | Criminality | Nursing homes | Identity loss | Home |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Judicial attitudes under shifting jurisprudence: Evidence from Brazils new drug law of 2006
نگرش های قضایی تحت تغییر رویه قضایی: شواهدی از قانون جدید مواد مخدر برزیل در سال 2006-2020 This paper attempts to quantify the response of different types of appellate judges to a major shift in
criminal jurisprudence on drug offenses in Brazil, which, in 2010, revoked the prohibition of conversion
of prison sentences in drug offenses. Appellate judges may react to criminal reform by changing their
rates of judgements that are favorable to defendants and, depending on the judge type, responses run
in different directions and with variable intensity. This study offers detailed estimates of such responses
and interprets them in the light of the literature on the determinants of judicial decision-making, which
resorts not only on legal factors but also on the ideology, personal attributes and strategic behavior
of judges. According to the Brazilian constitution, 10% of the seats in appellate courts must be filled
by formerly practicing lawyers and 10% by former prosecutors, both by executive appointment. The
remaining 80% are reserved for career judges. In addition to these appointments, appellate panels also
rely heavily on judges sitting by designation, who acted as rapporteurs, between 2009 and 2013, in as
many as 14% of all criminal appeals in the state court of São Paulo, which is the subject of the analysis. A
large dataset of criminal appeals related to drug offenses and the exogenous assignment of cases allow
identifying the causal effects of career backgrounds on the response of appellate judges to the shift in
drug jurisprudence. Estimates of the effect of judge types on appellate case outcomes, conditional on case
characteristics and judging panel-specific effects, confirm that career judges are more likely to rule in
favor of defendants, in line with the shift in jurisprudence. Former prosecutors and sitting judges seem
to react against the shift, by increasing their rate of rulings against defendants. Former lawyers tend to
exhibit mixed behavior, possibly resulting from a combination of liberal attitudes and strategic behavior,
in deference to policy preferences of the executive branch. Keywords: Judicial decision making | Attitudinal model | Judicial bias | Criminal appeals | Judges sitting by designation | Selection of disputes for litigation |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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Rehabilitation and social behavior: Experiments in prison
توانبخشی و رفتارهای اجتماعی: تجربه در زندان-2020 Despite the economic and social significance of crime reduction and criminals’ rehabilita-tion, research evaluating the effects of incarceration on behavior is surprisingly scarce. We conduct an experiment with 105 prison inmates and complement it with administrative data in order to explore several aspects of their social behavior. We first perform a comprehensive analysis of behavior in three economic games, finding evidence of discrimination against a sample from outside prison. In addition, our regression analysis reveals that inmates generally become less pro-social towards this out-group the longer they remain incarcerated. Finally, we introduce and evaluate a priming intervention that asks inmates to reflect on their time spent in prison. This intervention has a very sizeable and significant impact, increasing pro-sociality towards the out-group. Hence, a simple, low-cost intervention of this sort can have desirable effects in promoting rehabilitation and integration into social and economic life after release. Keywords: Prison inmates | Social behavior | Rehabilitation | Experiment |
مقاله انگلیسی |
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The psychopathic dimension in women of mafia
بعد روانی در زنان مافیا-2020 The authors focus their interest on the socially deviant mafia world, especially on the question of a psychopathic dimension of individuals in mafia. From the scientific point of view this continues to be an unknow world. In all these cases, individuals in mafia, their “feats”, their profiles seem to correspond to popular conceptions of the psychopath. Even less known is the women’s role in criminal organizations. Their historical role in recent de-cades has gradually shifted and become more important than it was in the past. The investigators’ interest was focused on identifying the prevalence of the psychopathic dimension in mafia women. So the authors examined a sample of 20 convicted mafia women coming from Campania and Calabria, the regions of Camorra and ‘Ndrangheta respectively, historical Italian criminal organizations. These women inherited their roles from previous bosses and successfully carried on the criminal business. The authors compared this sample of mafia women with a sample of female offenders with full criminal responsibility who were in common female prisons. Like men of mafia, the women of mafia have a low prevalence of the psychopathic dimension. Further research is necessary to identify the psychopathic dimension in larger samples of women, and then compare them with similar male samples.
Keywords: Dyssocial reaction | Psychopathy | Female offenders | Prisoner | Mafia | Mafia women | PCL-R |
مقاله انگلیسی |