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نتیجه جستجو - Prison

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 66
ردیف عنوان نوع
1 A different insight in hair analysis: Simultaneous measurement of antipsychotic drugs and metabolites in the protein and melanin fraction of hair from criminal justice patients
بینش متفاوت در تجزیه و تحلیل مو: اندازه گیری همزمان داروهای ضد روان و متابولیت های موجود در پروتئین و ملانین در مو از بیماران عدالت کیفری-2020
Background: Previous studies have postulated that four structural compartments may be differentiated in hair: surface protein domain, water-accessible protein domain, water-inaccessible protein domain, and melanin. Drugs contained in blood, sweat, sebum, and environment would be deposited in the first two domains, with primarily drugs in blood being incorporated in the latter two domains during hair synthesis. Drugs in the first two domains would be removed by washing procedures. Use of enzymatic extraction procedures and evaluation of hair for damage from harsh cosmetic treatments might help to separately identify and quantify the drugs incorporated in the second two domains. Aims: a) Development of an UPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of the following 19 antipsychotic drugs and metabolites in hair: amisulpride, aripiprazole, chlorpromazine, clotiapine, clozapine, desmethylclozapine, desmethylolanzapine, haloperidol, norchlorpromazine, 7-OH-quetia- pine, 9-OH-risperidone, olanzapine, pimozine, pimpamperone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, sulpride, and tiapride; b) evaluation of measurement of patient adherence to prescribed medication use, c) determination of the influence of biochemical individuality effects on hair drug content, d) evaluation of relative binding of antipsychotic drugs to protein and to melanin hair structures. Method: Approximately 10 mg of intact hair were decontaminated with isopropanol and phosphate buffer, and then enzymatically digested overnight with dithiothreitol. After centrifugation, the supernatant digest (protein fraction) was separated from the remaining melanin hair pellet (melanin fraction). Melanin fraction was washed with water, and the drugs were extracted with dimethyl sulfoxide with ball-mill pulverization. Both fractions were purified with solid-phase cation exchange cartridges and injected in the UHPLC-MS/MS system. Results and discussion: Validation of the method was carried out on the protein fraction following international guidelines. The limits of quantification ranged from 1.6–40 pg/mg. The method was applied to 59 head hair samples from prisoners from an antipsychotic compliance study in the criminal justice system in US. The patients were under chlorpromazine, haloperidol, risperidone, olanzapine, or quetiapine multiple antipsychotic treatment, during incarceration. The first head hair centimeter, closest to the scalp, was analyzed. The results were evaluated in relation to the type of hair, colour, hair damage, drug melanin affinity, and prescribed dose. In general, no good correlation between the prescribed dose/ concentration in hair was obtained. A wide range of antipsychotic concentrations were observed ‘dose mg/day (d); pg/mg protein fraction (A)’: chlorpromazine (d:50-400;A:1600) and its metabolite norchlorpromazine (A: 1600), haloperidol (d:4-20;A: 1600) and its metabolite 9-OH-quetiapine (A: Keywords: UPLC–MS/MS | Hair | Protein | Melanin | Antipsychotics | Chlorpromazine | Haloperidol | Risperid
مقاله انگلیسی
2 Identifying influential factors distinguishing recidivists among offender patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia via machine learning algorithms
شناسایی عوامل موثر در تشخیص تکرار مجدد در بین بیماران مجرم با تشخیص اسکیزوفرنی از طریق الگوریتم های یادگیری ماشین-2020
Purpose: There is a lack of research on predictors of criminal recidivism of offender patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Methods: 653 potential predictor variables were anlyzed in a set of 344 offender patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (209 reconvicted) using machine learning algorithms. As a novel methodological approach, null hypothesis significance testing (NHST), backward selection, logistic regression, trees, support vector machines (SVM), and naive bayes were used for preselecting variables. Subsequently the variables identified as most influential were used for machine learning algorithm building and evaluation. Results: The two final models (with/without imputation) predicted criminal recidivism with an accuracy of 81.7 % and 70.6 % and a predictive power (area under the curve, AUC) of 0.89 and 0.76 based on the following predictors: prescription of amisulpride prior to reoffending, suspended sentencing to imprisonment, legal complaints filed by relatives/therapists/public authorities, recent legal issues, number of offences leading to forensic treatment, anxiety upon discharge, being single, violence toward care team and constant breaking of rules during treatment, illegal opioid use, middle east as place of birth, and time span since the last psychiatric inpatient treatment. Conclusion: Results provide new insight on possible factors influencing persistent offending in a specific subgroup of patients with a schizophrenic spectrum disorder.
Keywords: Criminal justice | Criminal recidivism | Machine learning | Offender | Schizophrenia
مقاله انگلیسی
3 The link between mental health, crime and violence
پیوند بین سلامت روان ، جرم و خشونت-2020
Research investigating the link between mental health, crime and violence often rely on populations that are at a high-risk of violent and criminal behaviour, such as prison inmates and psychiatric patients. As a result of this selection bias, the relationship between mental health, criminal and violent behaviour is significantly overestimated, with mental health being incorrectly linked with violent and criminal behaviours. This study examines the relationship between mental health, violence and crime in a more representative community-based sample. One hundred and twenty-one individuals with and without a mental health disorder reported their involvement in crime and completed an aggression questionnaire. The results revealed that there is no statistically significant difference in terms of violence and crime involvement between individuals with a mental health diagnosis and those without. Moreover, the study did not find any statistically significant associations between specific mental health disorders and specific crime offences. The findings suggest that certain mental health disorders do not strongly contribute to crime violence and involvement. Limitations and implications are discussed in detail.
Keywords: Mental health | Crime | Violence | Aggression
مقاله انگلیسی
4 Paying the price: consequences for children’s education in prison in a market society
پرداخت قیمت: عواقب آموزش کودکان در زندان در جامعه بازار-2020
This article explores consequences for children’s education in custodial institutions in a contemporary market society, England and Wales. It finds that policy decision-making designed to ‘transform’ prison education for children is primarily influenced by a desire to limit the cost to the public purse of custodial placements. This paper argues that market values influence decision-making in the youth custody sector and shape the nature and quality of provision that children are permitted to access. The consequences associated with this include further fragmentation of prison provision for children, an imbalance in the types of custodial place made available, (with children disproportionately contained in the cheapest type of provision), geographical discrepancies and persistent high re-offending rates. The concern with the costs of custody is particularly prominent in a society subject to ‘austerity’ measures across a wide range of public services, particularly in the criminal justice sector (Ismail, 2020). However, it is inconsistent with contemporary knowledge and understanding of children in custody, their needs and their vulnerabilities. The transformation supposedly sought is unlikely to materialize while annual cost-per-child place is a dominant driving force. Instead, we need to start with an understanding of what individual support children in prison need in order to be ‘education ready’.
Keywords: education | learning | market society | prison | children
مقاله انگلیسی
5 Evaluating the implementation of a prisoner re-entry initiative for individuals with opioid use and mental health disorders: Application of the consolidated framework for implementation research in a cross-system initiative
ارزیابی اجرای ابتکار ورود مجدد زندانی برای افراد دارای مصرف مواد افیونی و اختلالات سلامت روانی: استفاده از چارچوب تلفیقی برای تحقیقات پیاده سازی در یک ابتکار عمل متقابل-2020
Given the interrelated nature of opioid use, criminal justice interaction, and mental health issues, the current opioid crisis has created an urgent need for treatment, including medication assisted treatment, among justiceinvolved populations. Implementation research plays an important role in improving systems of care and integration of evidence-based practices within and outside of criminal justice institutions. The current study is a formative qualitative evaluation of the implementation of a cross-system (corrections and community-based) opioid use treatment initiative supported by Opioid State Targeted Response (STR) funding. The purpose of the study is to assess the fit of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to a cross-system initiative, and to identify key barriers and facilitators to implementation. The process evaluation showed that adaptability of the clinical model and staff flexibility were critical to implementation. Cultural and procedural differences across correctional facilities and community-based treatment programs required frequent and structured forums for cross-system communication. Challenges related to recruitment and enrollment, staffing, MAT, and data collection were addressed through the collaborative development and continuous review of policies and procedures. This study found CFIR to be a useful framework for understanding implementation uptake and barriers. The framework was particularly valuable in reinforcing the use of implementation research as a means for continuous process improvement. CFIR is a comprehensive and flexible framework that may be adopted in future cross-system evaluations.
Keywords: Opioids | Medication assisted treatment | Implementation research | Criminal justice | Co-occurring disorders
مقاله انگلیسی
6 Nursing in the American Justice System
پرستاری در سیستم عدالت آمریکا-2020
Efforts to provide humane care for the mentally ill has led to growth of more suitable services in community-based settings, yet resources are insufficient to meet the needs of mentally ill who interface with the criminal justice system. The resulting collateral damage has created a pathway to prison for massive numbers of impaired individuals, and the inhumane warehousing of thousands of mentally ill people is reminiscent of a century ago. The criminal justice system was never intended to be a safety net for the public mental health system. While advances in expanding the role of the nurse in the healthcare system have shifted because of efforts by nursing’s response to the 2010 Institute of Medicine report, the challenges for correctional/ custody nursing have not been adequately articulated. This paper seeks to enhance awareness of Correctional Nursing through a discussion of challenges posed to nurses who work at the intersection of justice and public health in prisons, jails, detention centers and community supervision in this response to the Future of Nursing report.
مقاله انگلیسی
7 Trans-incarceration: Reimagining confinement and the criminality of aging
حبس خارج از زندان: تجسم مجدد در زندان و جرم پیری-2020
As the U.S. population continues to age and will require increasing levels of care, scholars continue to question what conventional methods of “custodial care” and rehabilitation accomplish for the individuals receiving them, relative to those providing them. To this end, critical discourse surrounding the spatial institutionalization of older adults argues that formal institutions of care and rehabilitation are simply alternative and synonymous forms of incarceration and imprisonment. Using semi-structured interviews with ten male residents of a Rhode Island nursing home and ten incarcerated males at the Rhode Island state prisons medium security unit, this work explores the following questions within the existing scholarship of the medical sociology of confinement and incarceration: In what ways are experiences of confinement alike for older adults living in prisons and for those living in nursing homes, and what do these similarities/differences imply about aging, disabled, and economically unproductive bodies as “deviant” and subsequently “criminal” as the traditional definition of the carceral space expands? Participant responses across the nursing home and prison settings fit into three categories, including “home as historical/home as negation,” “institution as escape,” and “self as non-human/self as non-agent.” As a result, there exist thematic consistencies amidst the subjective experiences of older adults across settings of confinement that argue for a shared “criminality” socially assigned to an aging body.
Keywords: Incarceration | Criminality | Nursing homes | Identity loss | Home
مقاله انگلیسی
8 Judicial attitudes under shifting jurisprudence: Evidence from Brazils new drug law of 2006
نگرش های قضایی تحت تغییر رویه قضایی: شواهدی از قانون جدید مواد مخدر برزیل در سال 2006-2020
This paper attempts to quantify the response of different types of appellate judges to a major shift in criminal jurisprudence on drug offenses in Brazil, which, in 2010, revoked the prohibition of conversion of prison sentences in drug offenses. Appellate judges may react to criminal reform by changing their rates of judgements that are favorable to defendants and, depending on the judge type, responses run in different directions and with variable intensity. This study offers detailed estimates of such responses and interprets them in the light of the literature on the determinants of judicial decision-making, which resorts not only on legal factors but also on the ideology, personal attributes and strategic behavior of judges. According to the Brazilian constitution, 10% of the seats in appellate courts must be filled by formerly practicing lawyers and 10% by former prosecutors, both by executive appointment. The remaining 80% are reserved for career judges. In addition to these appointments, appellate panels also rely heavily on judges sitting by designation, who acted as rapporteurs, between 2009 and 2013, in as many as 14% of all criminal appeals in the state court of São Paulo, which is the subject of the analysis. A large dataset of criminal appeals related to drug offenses and the exogenous assignment of cases allow identifying the causal effects of career backgrounds on the response of appellate judges to the shift in drug jurisprudence. Estimates of the effect of judge types on appellate case outcomes, conditional on case characteristics and judging panel-specific effects, confirm that career judges are more likely to rule in favor of defendants, in line with the shift in jurisprudence. Former prosecutors and sitting judges seem to react against the shift, by increasing their rate of rulings against defendants. Former lawyers tend to exhibit mixed behavior, possibly resulting from a combination of liberal attitudes and strategic behavior, in deference to policy preferences of the executive branch.
Keywords: Judicial decision making | Attitudinal model | Judicial bias | Criminal appeals | Judges sitting by designation | Selection of disputes for litigation
مقاله انگلیسی
9 Rehabilitation and social behavior: Experiments in prison
توانبخشی و رفتارهای اجتماعی: تجربه در زندان-2020
Despite the economic and social significance of crime reduction and criminals’ rehabilita-tion, research evaluating the effects of incarceration on behavior is surprisingly scarce. We conduct an experiment with 105 prison inmates and complement it with administrative data in order to explore several aspects of their social behavior. We first perform a comprehensive analysis of behavior in three economic games, finding evidence of discrimination against a sample from outside prison. In addition, our regression analysis reveals that inmates generally become less pro-social towards this out-group the longer they remain incarcerated. Finally, we introduce and evaluate a priming intervention that asks inmates to reflect on their time spent in prison. This intervention has a very sizeable and significant impact, increasing pro-sociality towards the out-group. Hence, a simple, low-cost intervention of this sort can have desirable effects in promoting rehabilitation and integration into social and economic life after release.
Keywords: Prison inmates | Social behavior | Rehabilitation | Experiment
مقاله انگلیسی
10 The psychopathic dimension in women of mafia
بعد روانی در زنان مافیا-2020
The authors focus their interest on the socially deviant mafia world, especially on the question of a psychopathic dimension of individuals in mafia. From the scientific point of view this continues to be an unknow world. In all these cases, individuals in mafia, their “feats”, their profiles seem to correspond to popular conceptions of the psychopath. Even less known is the women’s role in criminal organizations. Their historical role in recent de-cades has gradually shifted and become more important than it was in the past. The investigators’ interest was focused on identifying the prevalence of the psychopathic dimension in mafia women. So the authors examined a sample of 20 convicted mafia women coming from Campania and Calabria, the regions of Camorra and ‘Ndrangheta respectively, historical Italian criminal organizations. These women inherited their roles from previous bosses and successfully carried on the criminal business. The authors compared this sample of mafia women with a sample of female offenders with full criminal responsibility who were in common female prisons. Like men of mafia, the women of mafia have a low prevalence of the psychopathic dimension. Further research is necessary to identify the psychopathic dimension in larger samples of women, and then compare them with similar male samples.
Keywords: Dyssocial reaction | Psychopathy | Female offenders | Prisoner | Mafia | Mafia women | PCL-R
مقاله انگلیسی
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