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1 |
Shuttle-Exploiting Attacks and Their Defenses in Trapped-Ion Quantum Computers
حملات بهره برداری شاتل و دفاع آنها در کامپیوترهای کوانتومی یونی به دام افتاده-2022 Trapped-ion (TI) quantum bits are a front-runner technology for quantum computing.
TI systems with multiple interconnected traps can overcome the hardware connectivity issue inherent in
superconducting qubits and can solve practical problems at scale. With a sufficient number of qubits on the
horizon, the multi-programming model for Quantum Computers (QC) has been proposed where multiple
users share the same QC for their computing. Multi-programming is enticing for quantum cloud providers
as it can maximize device utilization, throughput, and profit for clouds. Users can also benefit from the
short wait queue. However, shared access to quantum computers can create new security issues. This paper
presents one such vulnerability in shared TI systems that require shuttle operations for communication among
traps. Repeated shuttle operations increase quantum bit energy and degrade the reliability of computations
(fidelity). We show adversarial program design approaches requiring numerous shuttles. We propose a random and systematic methodology for adversary program generation. Our analysis shows shuttle-exploiting
attacks can substantially degrade the fidelities of victim programs by ≈2× to ≈63×. Finally, we present
several countermeasures such as adopting a hybrid initial mapping policy, padding victim programs with
dummy qubits, and capping maximum shuttles.
INDEX TERMS: Trapped-ion | qubit | quantum computing | shuttle | security | fidelity. |
مقاله انگلیسی |
2 |
Developing a two-stage model for a sustainable closed-loop supply chain with pricing and advertising decisions
در حال توسعه یک مدل دو مرحله ای برای یک زنجیره تامین حلقه بسته پایدار با تصمیمات قیمت گذاری و تبلیغات-2021 Closed-Loop Supply Chain (CLSC) has become a critical problem due to its effects on various factors including economic motivations, environmental concerns, and social impacts. Moreover, there are coordination tools, such as pricing and advertising, which impact its performance. In this paper, we offer a two-stage approach to model and solve a sustainable CLSC, taking into account pricing, green quality, and advertising. In the first stage, optimal decisions on pricing, greening, and advertising are made, while in the second stage, a fuzzy multi- objective Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model is used to maximize the total profit, reduce CO2 emissions, and improve social impacts. Suitable solution methods are introduced according to the scale of the problem. For small-scale instances, an augmented ϵ-constraint method is used to solve the problem. For large-scale instances, approximations are required, and a Lagrangian relaxation algorithm solves the problem in polynomial time. The performance of the proposed model is evaluated through various numerical examples. The results illustrate the applicability and efficiency of the model, while confirming significant improvements in sustainable objectives under optimal pricing, green quality, and advertising. Besides, the proposed Lagrangian relaxation method significantly reduces the computational time for large-scale instances, with only a 2.308% deviation from the optimal results. Keywords: Sustainable closed-loop supply chain | Multi-objective programming | Supply chain pricing | Augmented ϵ-constraint | Lagrangian relaxation | CO2 emissions |
مقاله انگلیسی |
3 |
Critical reflections of accounting and social impact (Part I)
بازتاب انتقادی حسابداری و تأثیر اجتماعی-2021 This special issue on Accounting and Social Impact consists of two parts that will be hosted in separate issues of the journal. Here in
part I we introduce the concepts and themes of social impact, before analyzing how the exposure of researchers to impact assessment
regimes introduces pressures on researchers to seek specific kinds of impact. We go on to discuss the various contributions included in
this issue that cover themes of accountability, sustainability, control and gender in a diverse range of organizational forms that sit in
the spheres of the public, private and third sectors. The second part, in a later issue, will examine how accountability, power and
control issues create impacts in non-governmental and other not-for-profit organizations.
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مقاله انگلیسی |
4 |
Critical reflections of accounting and social impact (Part II)
بازتاب های انتقادی حسابداری و تاثیر اجتماعی (قسمت دوم)-2021 In recent decades, non-government organisations (NGOs) and not-for-profit organisations (NPOs) have grown in importance
worldwide (Salamon, Sokolowski, Haddock, & Tice, 2013). While NGOs and NPOs differ substantively, many provide support and
services to the neediest and most vulnerable in society and fill gaps in private sector service provision. Much of their work is focused on
humanitarian and environmental causes to promote social change, develop society, improve communities, and increase citizen
participation (Banks, Hulme, & Edwards, 2015). Thus, NPOs and NGOs in particular have an important role to play in social, community and sustainable development, providing a meaningful area for critical research into accounting and social impact. From here
on we shall refer to NPO and NGOs as non-profit organisations.
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مقاله انگلیسی |
5 |
The choice of cooperation mode in the bioenergy supply chain with random biomass feedstock yield
انتخاب حالت همکاری در زنجیره تأمین انرژی زیستی با عملکرد خوراک زیست توده تصادفی-2021 A successful cooperation mode between bioenergy producers and farmers can effectively promote the supply of biomass feedstock, which plays an important role in the bioenergy industry. In this study, we examine two prevailing cooperation modes in bioenergy supply chain, namely contract farming (CF) and land as shares (LS). This study assesses how each cooperation mode influences the planting acreage, the feedstock quality and the profits of supply chain participants. Under CF, the farmer and the bioenergy producer sign a contract in which the bioenergy producer purchases all feedstock produced by the farmer. Under LS, the farmer converts their land use rights into company shares, so that the bioenergy producer will share part of sales revenue with the farmer. First, we find that the optimal planting scale of biomass feedstock under LS is larger than that under CF when the bioenergy market size is sufficiently large. If the market size is relatively small, the supply quantity of biomass feedstock under LS depends on the marginal value of feedstock quality. Second, when the bioenergy market is sufficiently large, the farmer and the bioenergy producer under LS can achieve a win-win situation, which improves the reliability of the bioenergy supply chain. Third, we extend our model to the case where the government implements subsidies for biomass feedstock. We find that when the subsidy is high enough, the biomass feedstock quantity under LS will be larger. In addition, government subsidy does not necessarily improve the profit of all supply chain participants and excessive government subsidy may adversely affect the reliability of the bioenergy supply chain. Keywords: Bioenergy supply chain | Contract farming | Land as shares | Government subsidy |
مقاله انگلیسی |
6 |
Evaluation of infrared thermography combined with behavioral biometrics for estrus detection in naturally cycling dairy cows
ارزیابی ترموگرافی مادون قرمز همراه با بیومتریک رفتاری برای تشخیص فحلی در گاوهای شیری دوچرخه سواری طبیعی-2021 Low estrus detection rates (>50%) are associated to extended calving intervals, low economic profit and
reduced longevity in Holstein dairy cows. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of
infrared thermography and behavioral biometrics combined as potential estrus alerts in naturally (not
induced) cycling dairy cows housed in a tie-stall barn. Eighteen first lactation cows were subjected to
transrectal ultrasonography to determine spontaneous ovulation. The dominant follicle (DF) disappearance was used retrospectively as an indirect indicator of ovulation, and to establish the estrus period
(48–24 h prior the DF disappearance). Raw skin temperature (Raw IR) and residual skin temperature
(Res IR) were recorded using an infrared camera at the Vulva area with the tail (Vtail), Vulva area without
the tail (Vnotail), and Vulva’s external lips (Vlips) at AM and PM milking from Day 14 until two days after
ovulation was confirmed. Behavioral biometrics were recorded on the same schedule as infrared scan.
Behavioral biometrics included large hip movements (L-hip), small hip movements (S-hip), large tail
movements and small tail movements to compare behavioral changes between estrus and nonestrus
periods. Significant increases in Raw IR skin temperature were observed two days prior to ovulation
(Vtail; 35.93 ± 0.27 C, Vnotail; 35.59 ± 0.27 C, and Vlips; 35.35 ± 0.27 C) compared to d 5
(Proestrus; Vtail; 35.29 ± 0.27 C, Vnotail; 34.93 ± 0.31 C, and Vlips; 34.68 ± 0.27 C). No significant
changes were found for behavioral parameters with the exception of S-hip movements, which increased
at two days before ovulation (d 2; 11.13 ± 1.44 Events/5min) compared to d 5 (7.30 ± 1.02
Events/5min). To evaluate the accuracy of thermal and behavioral biometrics, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed using Youden index (YJ), diagnostic odds ratio, positive likelihood
ratio (LR+), Sensitivity, Specificity and Positive predicted value to score the estrus alerts. The greatest
accuracy achieved using thermal parameters was for Res IR Vtail PM (YJ = 0.34) and L-hip PM
(YJ = 0.27) for behavioral biometrics. Combining thermal and behavioral parameters did not improve
the YJ index score but reduced the false-positive occurrence observed by increasing the diagnostic odds
ratio (26.62), LR+ (12.47), Specificity (0.97) and positive predicted value (0.90) in a Res IR Vtail PM, S-hip
AM, S-hip PM combination. The combination of thermal and behavioral parameters increased the accuracy of estrus detection compared to either thermal or behavioral biometrics, independently in naturally
cycling cows during milking.
Keywords: Combined-parameters | First-lactating | Movement-frequency | Preovulation | Skin temperature |
مقاله انگلیسی |
7 |
Accounts of NGO performance as calculative spaces: Wild Animals, wildlife restoration and strategic agency
حساب های عملکرد سازمان های غیر دولتی به عنوان فضاهای محاسباتی: حیوانات وحشی، ترمیم حیات وحش و آژانس استراتژیک-2021 Whereas corporations typically share a common primary objective of generating profits for their
owners, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) principally pursue a panoply of various social
and/or ecological objectives. Accordingly, an NGO’s performance in pursuit of its objectives can
rarely be accounted for in straightforwardly comparable quantitative terms. How then can an
NGO instead construct qualitative accounts of its performance that show how it makes a differ-
ence in pursuit of its objectives? This paper examines qualitative accounts of performance against
an objective to restore wildlife, which are included in the annual reports of a large conservation
NGO. These accounts are conceptualised as being calculative spaces, configured by framing work
being done within these accounts. Analysis of this framing work finds that these accounts identify
a performance object (i.e. specific wild animal populations), establish relations that seemingly
affect this performance object (i.e. threats to wild animal populations and actions to conserve
these populations), and attribute the NGO with agency to make a difference to this performance
object (i.e. as a strategic actor directing and co-ordinating wildlife restoration). Thus, this paper
demonstrates that seeing quantitative and qualitative accounts of organisational performance in
the same conceptual terms creates conditions of possibility for developing a fuller understanding
of an organisation’s calculations of its own capacity to act upon society. keywords: سازمان غیر دولتی | مسئوليت | کادر بندی | محاسبات | گفتمان | حفاظت | NGO | Accountability | Framing | Calculation | Discourse | Conservation |
مقاله انگلیسی |
8 |
Inventory model for sustainable operations of a closed-loop supply chain: Role of a third-party refurbisher
مدل موجودی برای عملیات پایدار یک زنجیره تأمین حلقه بسته: نقش یک مرمت کننده شخص ثالث-2021 Journal Pre-proof This paper investigates the joint decision on inventory and refurbishing strategies in a closed-loop supply chain, consisting of a manufacturer responsible for the production and first-market sales and a third-party refurbisher responsible for the refurbishment and second market. Based on a game-theoretic model, we investigate the effects of supply chain structures on the production operations, sales price of a refurbished product, profits and environmental performance. Through numerical analyses, we reveal that the integrated system yields higher first-market sales and a larger production lot size, while the decentralized one shows higher second-market sales and a larger refurbishing lot. Interestingly, the integrated system sets the higher price for the refurbished item due to channel conflict issues. Efforts to increase the second-market sales can harm the over- all supply chain profit by leading to the decrease in the higher-margin first-market sales. We also show that the difference in pricing decisions and inventory holding cost components allows a better operational performance of the third-party refurbishers process in the decentralized system. Then, it leads to the better environmental performance in the decentralized system, enhancing the refurbishing rate and sales of refurbished items while reducing scrap costs. By investigating the overall performance of integrated and decentralized supply chains, we offer important implications to practicing supply chain managers by revealing how the third-party refurbisher can help the sustainable operations of a closed-loop supply chain. We also contribute to the body of knowledge by incorporating pricing and lot sizing issues into the context of closed-loop supply chain management. Keywords: inventory | closed-loop supply chain | sales return | refurbishment |
مقاله انگلیسی |
9 |
Code as constitution: The negotiation of a uniform accounting code for U:S: railway corporations and the moral justification of stakeholder claims on wealth
کد به عنوان قانون اساسی: مذاکره در مورد یک کد حسابداری یکسان برای شرکت های راه آهن ایالات متحده و توجیه اخلاقی ادعاهای سهامداران در مورد ثروت-2021 Economic historians of the United States identify the railway industry of the nineteenth century as the birthplace of existing institutions of corporate finance, law, and labor relations (Chandler, 1990; Perrow, 2002; Thomas, 2011). This paper shows that the
railway industry was also an important arena for the standardization of corporate accounting in the U. S., and that railway accountants
played a significant role in the federal government’s earliest attempts to regulate large corporations. The paper describes how railway
accountants worked with the first federal regulator of corporations, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), created by act of
Congress in 1887, to create a uniform accounting code for the railway industry. This code was designed by the prominent economist
and ICC statistician Henry Carter Adams to serve as a mechanism for the administrative supervision of railway corporations: a
“cognitive equivalent of a constitution” (Starr, 1987, p. 53) that would promote economic democracy by protecting the property rights
of non-controlling stakeholders in the railway system: shippers who used the trains to send goods to markets, long-term investors in
railway shares and bonds, consumers of shipped goods, and members of the communities that the railways connected and employed.
Railway accountants working with Adams created the rules for answering “potentially divisive questions of fact” (Starr, 1987, p. 53)
about who contributed how much to the assets and profits of the railway corporation, and thus provided moral justification for how
claims on those assets and profits were distributed.
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مقاله انگلیسی |
10 |
Who will take on green product development in supply chains? Manufacturer or retailer
چه کسی توسعه محصول سبز را در زنجیره های تامین به عهده خواهد گرفت؟ تولید کننده یا خرده فروش-2021 : This paper investigates the optimal decisions, profits and social welfare in a green supply chain (GSC) when the manufacturer or retailer conducts green product development. Two Stackelberg game models are constructed here: the manufacturer-led green product development model (MD model) and retailer-led green product development model (RD model), and it is assumed that the green product developer is risk-averse. Then the optimal decisions and members’ profits under two models are obtained. Through comparing them, the results show that the product greenness and leader’s profit are always higher in MD model, but in which model the retail price, wholesale price and follower’s profit are higher/lower is related to the cost coefficient of green product development, the leaders’ risk aversion, and demand uncertainty. Moreover, the risk aversion and demand uncertainty have a negative impact on most decisions and profits, but their impact on followers’ profits under two models and the wholesale price of RD model are still affected by the cost coefficient of green product development. Finally, numerical experiments are used to compare the total profits and social welfare under two models. The results indicate that in most cases, the GSC’s total profit under RD model is higher, but the social welfare under MD model is higher. Keywords: Green product development | Green supply chain management | Stackelberg game | Risk aversion |
مقاله انگلیسی |