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نتیجه جستجو - Protected areas

تعداد مقالات یافته شده: 22
ردیف عنوان نوع
1 Informed conservation management of rare tree species needs knowledge of species composition, their genetic characteristics and ecological niche
مدیریت حفاظت از حفاظت از گونه های نادر درختی، نیاز به دانش ترکیب گونه ها، ویژگی های ژنتیکی آنها و طاقچه های زیست محیطی -2021
Woodland nature reserves must be scientifically assessed so that subsequent management leads to optimal conservation of biodiversity. This entails knowledge of the species composition, the genetics of the local pop- ulations and their ecology. Here we assess Tilia species in the Bavarian Forest National Park (BFNP), a large mixed coniferous and deciduous forest in South-Eastern Germany. Tilia occurs here at low density, as in many other mixed forests in Central and Northern Europe. Therefore, results are not only relevant to BFNP but also to other areas. Exhaustive sampling resulted in the collection of 113 mature trees that were genotyped using 20 microsatellite markers, derived from both T. cordata and T. platyphyllos. For the first time, size and aspect of trees, and their community association were contrasted between the species. Genotyping confirmed that T. platyphyllos, T. cordata and their hybrid (T. x europaea) were present in the BFNP and both species deserve conservation. T. platyphyllos has a higher genetic diversity for both sets of markers than T. cordata, confirming earlier work. Both species showed genetic diversity comparable to other populations in Central Europe, which is likely to be sufficient for the maintenance of the species in the short term. However, increasing the number of trees, ensuring local sources are used, and gene flow from surrounding forests over the next decennia may be crucial for long- term survival. Further, within the T. platyphyllos group there was a set of 11 trees that were distinct from the others: they had a lower genetic diversity and were shorter. We hypothesise that these were planted and should not be used for propagation and augmentation. Most saplings analysed appeared to derive from asexual propagation (36 out of 41), although a few (five out of 41) were novel genotypes. This means that, currently, there is some, but rather limited, regeneration. T. cordata was found at a lower altitude and less steep terrain than T. platyphyllos and the hybrid. The hybrid was taller than the two species, while the diameter at breast height was smallest in T. cordata. T. cordata shows a preference for mixed and coniferous forests, while T. platyphyllos occurs mostly in deciduous forests. Our results indicate that biodiversity at the species and genetic level as well as species’ ecology have to be considered in order to guide informed conservation management. These results form the basis to recommend conservation management improving the long-term viability of Tilia in the BFNP and other mixed forests.
keywords: جنگلداری | تیلیا | تنوع ژنتیکی | ترجیح زیستگاه | مناطق حفاظت شده | هیبریداسیون | جنگلکاری | Forestry | Tilia | Genetic diversity | Habitat preference | Protected areas | Hybridisation | Silviculture
مقاله انگلیسی
2 Valuable but vulnerable: Over-fishing and under-management continue to threaten groupers so what now?
ارزشمند اما آسیب پذیر: ماهیگیری بیش از حد و کم مدیریتی همچنان تهدیدی برای هم گروه ها انجام می دهد ، حالا چه می شود؟-2020
Among threats to marine species, overfishing has often been highlighted as a major contributor to population declines and yet fishing effort has increased globally over the past decade. This paper discusses the decadal reassessment of groupers (family Epinephelidae), an important and valuable group of marine fishes subjected to high market demand and intense fishing effort, based on IUCN criteria. Allowing for uncertainty in the status of species listed as Data Deficient, 19 species (11.4%) are currently assigned to a “threatened” category. This first reassessment for a large marine fish taxon permits an evaluation of changes following the original assessments, provides a profile of the current conservation condition of species, identifies the challenges of assessing conservation status, and highlights current and emerging threats. Measures needed to reduce threats and lessons learned from conservation efforts are highlighted. Present threats include intensifying fishing effort in the face of absent or insufficient fishery management or monitoring, growing pressures from international trade, and an inadequate coverage in effectively managed, sized, or located protected areas. Emerging threats involve expansion of fishing effort into deeper waters and more remote locations, shifts to previously non-targeted species, increases in the capture, marketing and use of juveniles, growing demands for domestic and international trade, and, potentially, climate change. Those species most threatened are larger-bodied, longer-lived groupers, most of which reproduce in spawning aggregations
Keywords: Epinephelidae | Extinction risk | IUCN | Overfishing | Sustainability
مقاله انگلیسی
3 An integrated methodology for assessing ecological and economic impacts for marine management: A case study for abrasion and mobile fishing gear effects
یک روش یکپارچه برای ارزیابی تأثیرات زیست محیطی و اقتصادی برای مدیریت دریایی: یک مطالعه موردی برای سایش و اثرات چرخ دنده ماهیگیری سیار-2020
Ensuring a balance of conservation and human activities within the marine environment requires complex decisions on how to achieve conservation objectives whilst considering the likely economic and social costs and benefits of such decisions. We assessed the risk of adverse effects from abrasion caused by bottom fishing, as a case study, to demonstrate an integrated spatial management methodology. Risk was quantified in the Galway Bay, Ireland region using a 1 km grid, as the ratio between mortality and recovery of benthic infauna exposed to abrasion effects estimated from fishing data. Risk was considered high if annual mortality exceeded recovery. A Bayesian network model, incorporating ecological and economic data, compared three management scenarios: i) business as usual (BAU), ii) exclusion of fishing vessels over 18 m within 6 nautical miles (68% of study area) (Length) and iii) a network of marine protected areas (MPAs) closed to all fishing vessels (11% of study area) (MPA). The BAU scenario indicated that risk was high for 85.6% of the study area. The length scenario resulted in a 14.6% reduction in high risk cells, affecting €0.9 M of landings, €0.7 M of indirect output and 19 full time equivalent (FTE) employees. The MPA scenario resulted in a 1.7% reduction of high risk cells. This scenario affected €0.17M in landings, €0.13M in indirect outputs and 3 FTE employees. We present a method which provides a quantitative, spatial, risk and economic impact assessment of the effects of human activities and pressures on the marine environment that assesses potential costs and benefits of management options to mitigate against these pressures. Future development of a mortality-recovery ratio for defined time periods would enable application across multiple habitats, human activities and pressures.
مقاله انگلیسی
4 Conservation of data deficient species under multiple threats: Lessons from an iconic tropical butterfly (Teinopalpus aureus)
حفاظت از گونه های کمبود داده در معرض تهدیدات متعدد: درسهایی از یک پروانه گرمسیری نمادین (Teinopalpus aureus)-2019
With increasing pressure from wildlife trade, conservation efforts must balance deficiencies in distribution data for species (the Wallacean shortfall) with the risk of increasing accessibility of locality for collectors. The Golden Kaiser-I-Hind (Teinopalpus aureus Mell) is an iconic butterfly restricted to Southeast Asia, popular in trade markets but lacking in ecological and conservation information. We compiled occurrence records and used them to assess multiple threats of T. aureus distribution-wide and at the national level. Results of species distribution models suggest that suitable habitats of T. aureus are montane forests in mid to high elevations in Southern China, Laos and Vietnam. However, habitat networks for the species are poorly connected, with some portions of its distribution experiencing intensive deforestation and threatened by climate change. The trade assessment results showed specimens of T. aureus were available for sale with high prices, indicating potential pressure from trade markets. We also found different conservation statuses and efforts to protect T. aureus across countries; the species is under strict protection in China, moderate protection in Vietnam and has no protection in Laos. Both recorded locations and projected distribution in the three countries were poorly covered by protected areas. These results together demonstrate the importance of distribution data in conservation management of threa- tened species while highlighting trade-offs inherent in not making location information widely available when trade pressure is present. Finally, we strongly encourage cross-border cooperation in sharing ecological in- formation for consistent conservation management of species under multiple threats from habitat loss, climate change and illegal wildlife trade.
Keywords: Climate change | Cross-border conservation | Habitat loss | Insect conservation | Southeast Asia | Wildlife trade
مقاله انگلیسی
5 The characteristics of formation, development and evolution of National Protected Areas in China
ویژگی های شکل گیری ، توسعه و تکامل مناطق حفاظت شده ملی در چین-2019
This paper considers that the history of Chinese civilization is the historical foundation for the nationally protected areas and features the protected areas of China. After 1950, the formation, development and evolution of various protected areas conformed to the fundamental law of development of Chinese civilization. The protected areas are divided into three categories, namely the natural protected areas, cultural protected areas and comprehensive protected areas for the nature and culture. The natural protected areas are composed mainly of the national parks; the cultural protected areas are composed mainly of the Major Historical and Cultural Sites Protected at the National Level; and the comprehensive protected areas are composed mainly of National-level Scenic and Historic Interest Areas. In the new era of building an ecological civilization, it is crucial to develop a national protected area system including the aforementioned three protection systems in accordance with the unified deployment of the Central government. Three protection systems are supposed to cover various protected areas in China and develop a system of nationally protected areas with Chinese characteristics.
Keywords: National park | Protected area | Nature | Culture | Nature and culture | System
مقاله انگلیسی
6 Institutional arrangements for managing tourism in the Indian Himalayan protected areas
آرایش های سازمانی مدیریت گردشگری در نواحی حفاظت شده هیمالیای هند-2018
Tourism has the potential to advance biodiversity conservation through the creation of societal constituency by providing alternative livelihood to resource-dependent communities. Institutional arrangements play a crucial role in ensuring equitable benefit sharing of tourism gains among different stakeholders. We examined this role of institutional arrangements in four National Parks of the Indian Western Himalaya at varying altitude through multiple case study analysis using qualitative methods. Our results suggest that a three-tier setup involving local communities and civil society organizations, supported by enabling government policies is most efficacious in mainstreaming socio-economic development of local communities and environmental concerns in tourism management framework. Strong local institutions with intrinsic spatial linkage are required to ensure maximum benefits to all sections of society and least monetary leakages. We recommend that in natural landscapes with conflicting interests among stakeholders, a hierarchical three-tier institutional arrangement should be encouraged to achieve the goals of sustainable tourism.
keywords: Equitable benefit-sharing |Aichi biodiversity targets |Hemis National Park |Nanda Devi National Park |Valley of Flowers National Park |Corbett National Park
مقاله انگلیسی
7 Assessment and management of the North Brazil Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem
ارزیابی و مدیریت از شمال برزیل فلات بزرگ دریایی-2017
The North Brazil Shelf is a Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) that extends from the Caribbean Sea, in Central America, to the Parnaiba River in Brazil, and includes six countries. The area is dominated by the runoff of large rivers, including the Amazon and Orinoco, and by the intense disturbance of sediment transport, tides and currents. The sea bed is formed mainly by mud in shallow water, and by sand, mud, and gravel in deeper water. In terms of its biological productivity, this LME can be considered oligotrophic, with stratified habitats. The main source of nutrients of the euphotic layer is the local rivers and mangroves. Primary production has been limited by light and rising temperatures in recent years, factors associated with a decrease in marine primary productivity. However, the benthic fauna is very rich and unique, but poorly known. More than 500 fish species have been recorded in this LME. Demersal fish and shrimp are the main fishery resources in coastal and continental shelf waters. Fisheries account for more than 600 million USD a year with a considerable diversity of methods and scales ranging from very small to industrial. Seafood consumption is moderate to high in the local countries. Climate changes, dam building, deforestation, pollution, overfishing, tourism and aquaculture are the main threats to ecosystem productivity and habitat quality. Socioeconomic data are scant for this LME. Development is concentrated near the cities and mouths of rivers. Traditional commu nities in the coastal areas are culturally diverse, but invariably characterized by very low socioeconomic conditions. The Gross Domestic Product of the local countries ranges from 7,500 USD per capita in Guyana to 32,600 USD per capita in Trinidad and Tobago. Profound problems of governability are common to all six countries, and mean governance indicators reflect poor performances in all cases. The main issues are an absence of effective rule of law, political stability, and control of corruption. Fisheries are characterized by increasing effort and an absence of sustainability. Most of the fishery stocks are either fully or over exploited. This scenario can only be rectified by investments in marine protected areas and scientific research, as well as the increased participation of fishers in the development and implementation of management strategies and regulations.
Keywords: Fisheries | Governance | Ecosystem Based Management
مقاله انگلیسی
8 Visitor perspectives of risk management in a natural tourism setting: An application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour
دیدگاه های بازدید کننده از مدیریت ریسک در یک محیط گردشگری طبیعی: کاربرد نظریه رفتار برنامه ریزی شده-2017
Effective management of visitor risk in nature-based tourism and recreation settings requires land managers to have a clear understanding of the perspective of the visitor. The Theory of Planned Behaviour is presented as a valuable analytical framework to better understand visitors’ motivation to voluntarily engage in a behaviour classified by land managers as being risky. Using Penguin Island in Western Australia as a study site, visitors’ reasons for walking across the water-covered sandbar which management had identified as risky were explored. Visitors undertaking this behaviour were interviewed using the theory as a conceptual guide to understand influencing visitors’ decision making process. Results revealed that the activity of walking the sandbar was an experience offering instrumental as well as affective benefits. Subjective norms also influenced visitors’ decision to engage in the behaviour. Even though the decision to perform the behaviour was perceived as a free and deliberate choice, visitors approved management guidance stemming from perceptions of shared responsibility for safety at the site. Our research illustrates that the Theory of Planned Behaviour is a useful tool to identify important insights into individual and situational aspects of visitor behaviour in risky situations. Management implications: Managing visitor safety in Australian protected areas is a complex interplay between risk and responsibility. Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour as a conceptual framework, the behaviour investigated was disseminated into three distinct elements on which future intervention strategies can be built.
Keywords: Risk management | Theory of Planned Behaviour | Nature-based | Tourism | Recreation
مقاله انگلیسی
9 شبیه سازی ترافیک گردشگر به عنوان یک ابزار برای مدیریت منطقه حفاظت شده: مورد پارک ملی سرنگتی در تانزانیا
سال انتشار: 2017 - تعداد صفحات فایل pdf انگلیسی: 10 - تعداد صفحات فایل doc فارسی: 32
منبع اقتصادی اصلی مناطق حفاظت شده، گردشگری می باشد. با این حال، گردشگری ممکن است تاثیری منفی روی ساکنان این مناطق بگذارد. رشد گردشگری حیات وحش، نگرانی بین المللی درباره اینکه آیا یک تعادلی بین گردشگری و حفاظت از محیط زیست وجود دارد یا خیر را افزایش داده است. اقدامات مدیریتی باید به فراهم کردن این تعادل کمک کند. دررابطه با مدیریت حمل و نقل، اکثر مطالعات روی تجربیات بازدید کننده ها تمرکز کرده اند و به پیامدهای تغییرات حجم ترافیک گردشگر توجهی نکرده اند. چون ترافیک گردشگر به عنوان عامل مضر برای ساکنان تلقی می شود، این مطالعه یک ابزاری را ایجاد می کند که تغییرات در حجم گردشگر را جهت تسهیل بررسی اقدامات مدیریتی شبیه سازی می کند. این ابزار یک مدل ساده حمل و نقل بر مبنای ویژگی های شبکه حمل و نقل و 2680 سفر ثبت شده در پارک ملی سِرِنگِتی است. تحلیل ها نشان می دهد که یک جاده شمالی درسراسر این پارک می تواند ترافیک گردشگر رت توزیع کند، درحالیکه فرودگاه جدید بین المللی بالقوه می تواند ترافیک کلی گردشگر را در جاده ها کاهش دهد.
کلیدواژه ها: گردشگری حیاوت وحش | مناطق حفاظت شده | سرنگتی | مدل حمل و نقل | ترافیک گردشگر | مدیریت حمل و نقل
مقاله ترجمه شده
10 Creating sustainable tourism ventures in protected areas: An actor-network theory analysis
ایجاد فعالیت های گردشگری پایدار در مناطق حفاظت شده: تجزیه و تحلیل تئوری بازیگر بازی-2017
Sustainable tourism is a growing segment of tourism worldwide. If such ventures are to thrive in society, we have to learn more about how they are created and sustained. Specifically, one has to explore, not only the attributes of the founders, but the actions that they deploy in creating such ventures. This paper investigated how a principal actor created a sustainable tourism business in the Amazon forest. The analysis showed that the actor deployed the phases that were proposed by actor-network theory (ANT) framework. Interestingly, the study found that the actor created her network by using what we called an orchestration modus instead of the unification approach that is widely known in ANT literature. Finally, the analysis showed that the ability of the principal actor to learn new things, to adapt to change and her acts of creating spaces for global experts played a significant role in her success.
Keywords: Eco-tourism | Sustainable tourism | Entrepreneurship | Actor-network theory | Case study | Private reserves
مقاله انگلیسی
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