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1 |
Effectiveness of implementing the criminal administrative punishment law of drunk driving in China: An interrupted time series analysis, 2004-2017
اثربخشی اجرای قانون مجازات اداری کیفری رانندگی مست در چین: تجزیه و تحلیل سری های زمانی قطع شده ، 2004-2017-2020 In 2011, a more severe drunk driving law was implemented in China, which criminalized driving under the
influence of alcohol for the first time and increased penalties for drunk driving. The present study aimed to assess
effectiveness of the drunk driving law in China in reducing traffic crashes, injuries, and mortality. Data used in
this study was obtained from the Traffic Management Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security of the People’s
Republic of China. An interrupted time series analysis was conducted to analyze annual data from 2004 to 2017,
including the number of road traffic crashes, deaths, and injuries caused by drunk driving in China. The average
annual incidences of crashes, mortality, and injuries have decreased after the promulgation of drunk driving law
in 2011. In the post-intervention period, the increased slope for crashes, mortality and injury rates were, respectively,
-0.140 to -0.006, -0.052 to -0.005 and -0.150 to -0.008, indicating a weaker downward trend of
dependent variables. The more stringent drunk driving law is not as effective as expected. Drunk driving is still a
severe traffic safety problem to be addressed in China. Both legislation and other prevention programs should be
adopted to reduce road traffic injuries caused by drunk driving in China. Keywords: Drunk driving | Interrupted time series analysis | Road traffic law | Injury | Evaluation | China |
مقاله انگلیسی |
2 |
EyesGAN: Synthesize human face from human eyes
EyesGAN: صورت انسان را از چشم انسان سنتز کنید-2020 Face recognition recently has achieved remarkable success in many fields, especially in mobile payment,
authentication, criminal investigation, and city management. However, face occlusion is still the key
problem in person identification, such as in the field of anti-terrorism, criminal cases and public security.
To solve this problem, an improved end-to-end deep generative adversarial network (named EyesGAN)
has been proposed to synthesize human face from human eyes in this paper, which can be used as a
potential scheme for masked face recognition. BicycleGAN is chosen as the baseline and effective
improvements have been achieved. First, the self-attentional mechanism is introduced so that the
improved model can more effectively learn about the internal mapping between human eyes and face.
Second, the perceptual loss is applied to guide the model cyclic training and help with updating the network
parameters so that the synthesized face can be of higher-similarity to the ground truth face. Third,
EyesGAN has been designed by getting the utmost out of the performance of the perceptual loss and the
self-attentional mechanism in GANs. A dataset of eyes-to-face synthesis has been reconstructed based on
the public face datasets for training and testing. Finally, the faces synthesized by EyesGAN have been
quantitatively and qualitatively compared with the results of existing methods. Extensive experiments
demenstrate that our proposed method has performed better than the state-of-the-art methods in terms
of Average Euclidean Distance, Average Cosine Similarity, Synthesis Accuracy Percentage, Fréchet
Inception Distance, and Baidu face recognition rate (the accuracy achieved 96:1% on 615 test data of
CelebA database). In this paper, the feasibility of synthesizing human face from human eyes has been
explored, and the attention map shows that our network can predict other parts of the face from eyes. Keywords: Eyes-to-face synthesis | Self-attention mechanism | Perceptual loss | Face occlusion recognition | Conditional generative adversarial networks |
مقاله انگلیسی |
3 |
Effectiveness of implementing the criminal administrative punishment law of drunk driving in China: An interrupted time series analysis, 2004-2017
اثربخشی اجرای قانون مجازات اداری رانندگی در مستی در چین: تجزیه و تحلیل سری زمانی قطع شده ، 2004-2017-2020 In 2011, a more severe drunk driving law was implemented in China, which criminalized driving under the
influence of alcohol for the first time and increased penalties for drunk driving. The present study aimed to assess
effectiveness of the drunk driving law in China in reducing traffic crashes, injuries, and mortality. Data used in
this study was obtained from the Traffic Management Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security of the People’s
Republic of China. An interrupted time series analysis was conducted to analyze annual data from 2004 to 2017,
including the number of road traffic crashes, deaths, and injuries caused by drunk driving in China. The average
annual incidences of crashes, mortality, and injuries have decreased after the promulgation of drunk driving law
in 2011. In the post-intervention period, the increased slope for crashes, mortality and injury rates were, respectively,
-0.140 to -0.006, -0.052 to -0.005 and -0.150 to -0.008, indicating a weaker downward trend of
dependent variables. The more stringent drunk driving law is not as effective as expected. Drunk driving is still a
severe traffic safety problem to be addressed in China. Both legislation and other prevention programs should be
adopted to reduce road traffic injuries caused by drunk driving in China. Keywords: Drunk driving | Interrupted time series analysis | Road traffic law | Injury | Evaluation | China |
مقاله انگلیسی |
4 |
Struggling to strike the right balance between interests at stake: The ‘Yarovaya’, ‘Fake news’ and ‘Disrespect’ laws as examples of ill-conceived legislation in the age of modern technology
تلاش برای ایجاد تعادل مناسب بین منافع در خطر: قوانین "Yarovaya"، "Fake News" و "بی احترامی" به عنوان نمونه هایی از قوانین نادرست در عصر فناوری مدرن-2020 The article deals with the legislative amendments that have been recently adopted in the Russian Federation, the so-called ‘Yarovaya’ law, the ‘fake news’ law and the ‘disrespect’ law. It explains the essence and problems of implementation of the above-mentioned legal instruments and assesses them from the human rights angle. It is established that the rather complex laws under analysis pose significant threats to the human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals, including privacy, data protection and freedom of expression, and introduce other additional negative effects to the Russian society and economy. While in the adoption of such legislation it is crucial to give due weight to the involved interests, the used examples indicate that the State’s interests seem to prevail at the cost of the rights and freedoms of those who need to be adequately protected.© 2020 E. Moyakine and A. Tabachnik. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Keywords: Russian legislation | Yarovaya law | Fake news law | Disrespect law | Human rights | Privacy | Data protection | Freedom of expression | Public safety | Public security |
مقاله انگلیسی |
5 |
The two judgments of the European Court of Justice in the four cases of Privacy International, La Quadrature du Net and Others, French Data Network and Others and Ordre des Barreaux francophones et germanophone and Others: The Grand Chamber is trying hard to square the circle of data retention
دو رای دیوان دادگستری اروپا در چهار پرونده Privacy International، La Quadrature du Net and Others، French Data Network and Others و Ordre des Barreaux francophones et germanophone و دیگران: اتاق بزرگ به شدت تلاش می کند دایره ای را مربع کند: نگهداری داده ها-2020 On 6 October 2020, the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Justice rendered two land- mark judgments in Privacy International, La Quadrature du Net and Others, French Data Network and Others as well as Ordre des barreaux francophones et germanophone and Others. The Grand Chamber confirmed that EU law precludes national legislation which requires a provider of electronic communications services to carry out the general and indiscriminate trans- mission or retention of traffic data and location data for the purpose of combating crime in general or of safeguarding national security.In situations where a Member State is facing a serious threat to national security which proves to be genuine and present or foreseeable, such State may however derogate from the obligation to ensure the confidentiality of data relating to electronic communications by requiring, by way of legislative measures, the general and indiscriminate retention of this data for a period which is limited in time to what is strictly necessary but which may be extended if the threat persists.1 In respect of combating serious crime and preventing serious threats to public security, a Member State may also provide for the targeted retention of this data and its expedited retention. Such an interference with fundamental rights must be accompanied by effective safeguards and be reviewed by a court or by an independent administrative authority. It is likewise open to a Member State to carry out a general and✩ © 2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.E-mail address: xtracol@eurojust.europa.eu1 Joined Cases 511/18, C-512/18 and 520/18 La Quadrature du Net and Others [2020] paras 168 and 177.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2021.105540 0267-3649indiscriminate retention of IP addresses assigned to the source of a communication where the retention period is limited to what is strictly necessary or even to carry out a general and indiscriminate retention of data relating to the civil identity of users of means of electronic communication. In the latter case, the retention is not subject to a specific time limit. Keywords: European Court of Justice | Privacy International | La Quadrature du Net | Metadata | Retention of personal data | Access to personal data | National security | Article 4(2) of the treaty on EU | Articles 1(3), 3, 5, 15(1) of the | e-privacy directive | Articles 6, 7, 8, 11 and 52(1) of the | Charter of Fundamental Rights | UK | Brexit | Adequacy decision |
مقاله انگلیسی |
6 |
Fingerprint classification and identification algorithms for criminal investigation: A survey
طبقه بندی اثر انگشت و الگوریتم های شناسایی برای تحقیقات جنایی: بررسی-2020 Fingerprint plays a fundamental role in community security and criminal investigation, such as forensic
investigation, law enforcement, customs access and public security organs. This can also help to provide
a more enjoyable and secure life to people. Various machine learning and neural network approaches
have been proposed for fingerprint acquisition, detection, classification, and analysis. In this survey,
we present an up-to-date literature evaluation of fingerprint classification algorithms and fingerprint
application in the area of criminal investigation. Firstly, we discuss the characteristics of fingerprint
and the application in criminal investigation. In addition, we analyze and compare machine learning
algorithms of fingerprint in terms of classification, matching, feature extraction, fingerprint and fingervein
recognition, and spoof detection. Finally, we highlight the challenges in the fingerprint analysis
and discuss the future directions. Keywords: Classification | Clustering | Criminal investigation | Deep learning | Fingerprint | Machine learning |
مقاله انگلیسی |
7 |
A method for determining parameter weight early warning model based on reinforcement learning
روشی برای تعیین مدل پارامتر هشدار اولیه بر اساس یادگیری تقویتی-2020 To solve the problem of low efficiency of early warning in public security emergencies, this paper proposes
a method for determining parameter weight in public events early warning model which was based on
reinforcement learning. Firstly, using the calibrated conflict early warning label, using reinforcement learning
algorithm to build the public early warning event model; secondly, through iterative training to obtain the
arrival path of the agent to the abnormal sequence, that is, the public early warning event; finally, by analyzing
the weight parameters in the neural network, to determine the early warning event. Simulation showed that
under this algorithm, convergence happened when the number of steps was in the range from 500 to 800,
37.5% smaller than that when using the original data. This result of the experiment demonstrated that this
method greatly improved the efficiency of early warning for public incidents.. Keywords: Reinforcement learning | Early warning model | Public events |
مقاله انگلیسی |
8 |
Identifying areas vulnerable to homicide using multiple criteria analysis and spatial analysis
شناسایی مناطق آسیب پذیر در برابر قتل با استفاده از تجزیه و تحلیل معیارهای متعدد و تجزیه و تحلیل مکانی-2020 The decision-making process in public security is not an easy task. Several aspects must be considered, since resources are limited, whereas coverage should be extensive. Usually, preventative actions are allo- cated to areas that are more prone to violence, where criminal occurrences have happened in the recent past. In Brazil, such decisions are made in an ad-hoc way, considering only the knowledge of a specialist. This paper, however, aims to identify homicide vulnerability areas, taking into account the knowledge and preferences of an expert decision-maker under several criteria and data from a demographic cen- sus. Our model aggregates multiple-criteria analysis, based on Dominance-based Rough Set Approach, and spatial analysis, which consist of hot-spot analysis and local Moran’s I . The model was applied in a neighbourhood of Brazil. The approach was able to highlight the problematic areas in the neighbourhood, and suggested locations where public policy and, consequently, limited resources should be allocated. Keywords: Multiple criteria analysis | Dominance-based rough | set approach Spatial analysis | Homicide |
مقاله انگلیسی |
9 |
A retrospective analysis of data from forensic toxicology at the Academy of Forensic Science in 2017
تجزیه و تحلیل گذشته نگر از داده های مربوط به سمیت شناسی پزشکی قانونی در آکادمی علوم پزشکی قانونی در سال 2017-2019 Knowing the specific pattern of forensic toxicology cases in a region is vital to help the local government
establish an effective prevention and treatment system; currently, there have been no published reports
investigating various types of forensic toxicology cases based on a large autopsy series and city size. The
data in this study were obtained from records kept at the Academy of Forensic Science (AFS) between
February 2017 and December 2017, and the cases were mainly from the Public Security Organs People’s
Police in Shanghai, China. There were 299 autopsies; the leading cause of death was traffic accidents
(37.1%), and the manners of death were mainly accidental (54.8%). From a total of 9083 cases, 1992
involved traffic accidents, 6787 were drug abuse, 269 were poisonings, and 35 were drug-facilitated
sexual assaults (DFSAs). We also investigated the pattern of unnatural deaths and the alcohol-positive
(with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC)
0.20 mg/ml) rate among the various cases. The BAC ranged
from 0.08 to 7.24 mg/ml in traffic cases, and the mean BAC of the total alcohol-positive drivers was
1.44 mg/ml. It was found that 80.8% of the drivers involved had a BAC
0.20 mg/ml (limit of civil offense),
and 72.8% had a BAC
0.80 mg/ml (limit of criminal offense). Among the drug abuse cases, there were
4073 cases (60.0%) that were positive for at least one euphoriant; the most frequently abused drug group
was amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS). Poisonings by natural toxins (such as scopolamine and
tetrodotoxin) account for a significant portion of accidental deaths. Pesticide poisoning was also
constituted a large portion, and organophosphorus were the cause of the majority of those cases. Suicide
by pesticide showed the highest frequency in the present study. Among the 35 DFSA cases,
dexmedetomidine was frequently detected in our study, which has rarely been reported previously
in DFSA cases. Keywords: Driving | Drug abuse | Poisoning | Drug-facilitated sexual assault | Retrospective study | Shanghai |
مقاله انگلیسی |
10 |
علم عصب شناسی در روانپزشکی قانونی: از مسئولیت پذیری تا خطرناک بودن: پیامدهای اخلاقی و حقوقی استفاده از عصب شناسی برای ارزیابی خطرات
سال انتشار: 2016 - تعداد صفحات فایل pdf انگلیسی: 10 - تعداد صفحات فایل doc فارسی: 40 شواهدی از علم عصب شناسی به صورت فزایندهای در دادگاههای جنایی به عنوان بخشی از شهادت روانی استفاده میشود. تا امروز، ادبیات موضوعی "حقوق عصب شناختی" بر استفاده از عصب شناسی برای ارزیابی مسئولیتهای کیفری بررسیهای انجام داده است. به هر حال، در زمینه روانپزشکی قانونی، ارزیابی مسئولیتپذیریها به تدریج ضعیف شدند، در حالی که ارزیابی ریسک و خطرناک بودن بار دیگر اهمیت فزایندهای را کسب کرده است. در این مقاله، استدلال خواهیم کرد که معرفی داده عصب شناختی توسط کارشناسان پزشکی قانونی در دادههای جنایی در آینده به عنوان ابزاری برای ارزیابی یا یک نشانه خطرناک بودن از جرم استفاده میشود. قضات در مواجهت با فشار برای تضمین امنیت عمومی ممکن است خواهان تفسیر دانش عصب شناختی و داده به عنوان یک روش هدفمند و قابل اعتماد ارزیابی ریسک تکرار جرم باشند. ابتدا، ما نشان دادن اینکه چگونه زمینه اجتماعی-قانونی فعلی کار پزشکی قانونی را تغییر شکل داده است، با ارزیابی خطرات غالب، را هدف قرار دادیم. در بخش دوم، از نقطه نظر بحرانی وعده اینکه عصب شناسی به نظام عدالت کیفری بهتری با ارائه ابزارهای جدید برای ارزیابی ریسک کمک کند، بررسی میکنیم. سپس تشریح اینکه چرا شواهد عصب شناختی احتمال دارد که به عنوان شواهد خطرناک بودن متهمین استفاده شود، را هدف قرار میدهیم. در سطح نظری، گرایش فعلی در سیاستهای جنایتکارانه بر لغزشهای خطرناک بودن تمرکز میکند که به نظر میرسد که با یک رویکرد سودمندگرا برای تنبیه "توجیه شده است"، ظاهرا در عصب شناسی جدید چالشهایی از مفاهیمی از اراده و مسئولیت پذیری کشف شده است. اگر چه اغلب برای بشردوستی و ترقی خواه ترویج مییابد، باور داریم که این رویکرد میتواند به یک ابزاری از علم اعصاب به نفع امنیت عمومی منجر شود و به سمت مداخلاتی برود که مستلزم هشدارهای اخلاقی و مخالفت با منافع مجرمین است. آخرین بخش مقاله به برخی از این مسائل میپردازد، مانند نشانهگذاری مغز آسیب دیده مجرم به دلیل پذیرش یک رویکرد صرفا درمانی برای جرم، و تاثیر بر صدور حکم.
کلمات کلیدی: عصب شناختی | حقوق عصب شناختی | خطرناک بودن | اصول اخلاقی | امنیت | روانپزشکی |
مقاله ترجمه شده |